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Building Resilient Education Systems: Evidence from Large-Scale Randomized Trials in Five Countries

Author

Listed:
  • Noam Angrist
  • Micheal Ainomugisha
  • Sai Pramod Bathena
  • Peter Bergman
  • Colin Crossley
  • Claire Cullen
  • Thato Letsomo
  • Moitshepi Matsheng
  • Rene Marlon Panti
  • Shwetlena Sabarwal
  • Tim Sullivan

Abstract

Education systems need to withstand frequent shocks, including disease and climate events, which close schools for over 222 million children. During these emergencies, alternative models are needed to deliver education. However, rigorous evaluation of effective educational approaches in these settings is challenging and rare, especially across multiple countries. We present results from five randomized trials in India, Kenya, Nepal, Philippines, and Uganda to evaluate the provision of education in emergency settings. These multi-site coordinated trials enable us to uniquely inform internal and external validity simultaneously. We also test multiple scalable models of remote targeted tutoring instruction, comparing government and NGO delivery. While SMS messages have mixed results, phone call tutorials show consistent effectiveness across diverse settings. We find large and robust effect sizes on learning, with average effects of 0.30- 0.35 standard deviations. These effects are highly cost-effective, delivering up to four years of high-quality instruction per $100 spent. Results also show similar effects when delivered by government teachers as NGO instructors and sustained improvements to teacher beliefs and practices. We further evaluate effects during a government scale-up with 25,000 teachers in India and an additional weather shock in the Philippines. Altogether, our results reveal it is possible to strengthen the resilience of education systems, enabling education provision amidst disruptions, and to deliver cost-effective learning gains across contexts and with governments.

Suggested Citation

  • Noam Angrist & Micheal Ainomugisha & Sai Pramod Bathena & Peter Bergman & Colin Crossley & Claire Cullen & Thato Letsomo & Moitshepi Matsheng & Rene Marlon Panti & Shwetlena Sabarwal & Tim Sullivan, 2023. "Building Resilient Education Systems: Evidence from Large-Scale Randomized Trials in Five Countries," NBER Working Papers 31208, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
  • Handle: RePEc:nbr:nberwo:31208
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    Cited by:

    1. Iqbal,Syedah Aroob & Patrinos,Harry Anthony, 2023. "Learning during the Pandemic : Evidence from Uzbekistan," Policy Research Working Paper Series 10474, The World Bank.
    2. Jakubowski,Maciej Jan & Gajderowicz,Tomasz Janusz & Patrinos,Harry Anthony, 2024. "COVID-19, School Closures, and Student Learning Outcomes : New Global Evidence from PISA," Policy Research Working Paper Series 10666, The World Bank.
    3. Angrist, Noam & Evans, David K. & Filmer, Deon & Glennerster, Rachel & Rogers, Halsey & Sabarwal, Shwetlena, 2025. "How to improve education outcomes most efficiently? A review of the evidence using a unified metric," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 172(C).
    4. Francisco Gallego & Philip Oreopoulos & Noah Spencer, 2023. "The Importance of a Helping Hand in Education and in Life," Documentos de Trabajo 575, Instituto de Economia. Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile..

    More about this item

    JEL classification:

    • I20 - Health, Education, and Welfare - - Education - - - General
    • I24 - Health, Education, and Welfare - - Education - - - Education and Inequality
    • O15 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Economic Development - - - Economic Development: Human Resources; Human Development; Income Distribution; Migration

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