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Canada–U.S. Trade in a Globalized Economy: Elasticities, Asymmetries, and Policy Imperatives

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  • Thierry Warin

Abstract

This study examines the intricate trade interdependencies between Canada and the United States, highlighting how aggregate export–import figures can mask deeper economic realities. Approximately three-quarters of Canadian merchandise exports head to the United States each year, contributing to a bilateral merchandise trade surplus for Canada in the range of 100 to 170 billion Canadian dollars. Yet, when energy products are excluded, the United States shows a small surplus with Canada, illustrating how both sides benefit from specialized cross-border value chains. Analyses of selected sectors demonstrate that a hypothetical 25 percent tariff on Canadian goods would translate into lost export revenue for Canada, but it would also raise production costs for many U.S. manufacturers dependent on Canadian imports. Despite Canada’s smaller economy, the potential for economic harm runs in both directions. Automakers in Michigan and Ohio, for instance, rely on numerous Canadian inputs that cross the border multiple times, and integrated refiners on the Gulf Coast often process crude oil from Alberta. Inelastic supply chains amplify these vulnerabilities: short-run elasticity estimates indicate that energy flows might see only a 2 percent immediate reduction under a 10 percent tariff, yet over a longer horizon, both sides risk further setbacks if either country shifts to alternative markets. On both sides, adjustments to cross-border barriers are neither simple nor immediate because specialized capital investments and elaborate production networks cannot be realigned without significant cost. These findings underscore the limitations of viewing trade solely through the lens of net balances. They suggest that resilience policies, dispute-resolution frameworks, and incremental diversification strategies are integral to mitigating risk. In a climate where protectionist rhetoric can swiftly translate into new barriers, maintaining stable, predictable conditions for trade in both Canada and the United States is essential to preserving the mutual gains flowing from decades of close economic integration. Cette étude examine les interdépendances commerciales complexes entre le Canada et les États-Unis, mettant en évidence la manière dont les chiffres globaux des exportations et des importations peuvent masquer des réalités économiques plus profondes. Environ les trois quarts des exportations canadiennes de marchandises sont destinées aux États-Unis chaque année, contribuant à un excédent commercial bilatéral en marchandises pour le Canada, se situant entre 100 et 170 milliards de dollars canadiens. Pourtant, lorsque les produits énergétiques sont exclus, les États-Unis affichent un léger excédent commercial avec le Canada, illustrant comment les deux pays bénéficient de chaînes de valeur transfrontalières spécialisées. L’analyse de certains secteurs démontre qu’un tarif hypothétique de 25 % sur les produits canadiens entraînerait une perte de revenus d’exportation pour le Canada, mais augmenterait également les coûts de production pour de nombreux fabricants américains dépendants des importations canadiennes. Malgré la taille plus modeste de l’économie canadienne, le potentiel de dommages économiques est réciproque. Par exemple, les constructeurs automobiles du Michigan et de l’Ohio dépendent de nombreux intrants canadiens qui traversent la frontière à plusieurs reprises, tandis que les raffineries intégrées de la côte du Golfe transforment souvent du pétrole brut en provenance de l’Alberta. La rigidité des chaînes d’approvisionnement amplifie ces vulnérabilités : les estimations de l’élasticité à court terme indiquent que les flux énergétiques pourraient ne diminuer que de 2 % en cas de tarif de 10 %, mais à plus long terme, les deux pays risquent des pertes supplémentaires si l’un d’eux se tourne vers des marchés alternatifs. Des deux côtés, l’ajustement aux barrières transfrontalières est ni simple ni immédiat, car les investissements en capital spécialisé et les réseaux de production élaborés ne peuvent être réorganisés sans coûts significatifs. Ces résultats soulignent les limites d’une approche du commerce basée uniquement sur les soldes nets. Ils suggèrent que des politiques de résilience, des cadres de règlement des différends et des stratégies de diversification progressive sont essentiels pour atténuer les risques. Dans un contexte où la rhétorique protectionniste peut rapidement se traduire par de nouvelles barrières, le maintien de conditions commerciales stables et prévisibles entre le Canada et les États-Unis est crucial pour préserver les bénéfices mutuels issus de décennies d’intégration économique étroite.

Suggested Citation

  • Thierry Warin, 2025. "Canada–U.S. Trade in a Globalized Economy: Elasticities, Asymmetries, and Policy Imperatives," CIRANO Papers 2025pr-01, CIRANO.
  • Handle: RePEc:cir:circah:2025pr-01
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    File URL: https://cirano.qc.ca/files/publications/2025PR-01.pdf
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Douglas A. Irwin, 2017. "Clashing over Commerce: A History of US Trade Policy," NBER Books, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc, number irwi-2, May.
    2. James E. Anderson & Eric van Wincoop, 2003. "Gravity with Gravitas: A Solution to the Border Puzzle," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 93(1), pages 170-192, March.
    3. Douglas A. Irwin, 2017. "Introduction to "Clashing over Commerce: A History of US Trade Policy"," NBER Chapters, in: Clashing over Commerce: A History of US Trade Policy, pages 1-27, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
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