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Alternative Loss Function in Evaluation of Transformer Models

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  • Jakub Micha'nk'ow
  • Pawe{l} Sakowski
  • Robert 'Slepaczuk

Abstract

The proper design and architecture of testing machine learning models, especially in their application to quantitative finance problems, is crucial. The most important aspect of this process is selecting an adequate loss function for training, validation, estimation purposes, and hyperparameter tuning. Therefore, in this research, through empirical experiments on equity and cryptocurrency assets, we apply the Mean Absolute Directional Loss (MADL) function, which is more adequate for optimizing forecast-generating models used in algorithmic investment strategies. The MADL function results are compared between Transformer and LSTM models, and we show that in almost every case, Transformer results are significantly better than those obtained with LSTM.

Suggested Citation

  • Jakub Micha'nk'ow & Pawe{l} Sakowski & Robert 'Slepaczuk, 2025. "Alternative Loss Function in Evaluation of Transformer Models," Papers 2507.16548, arXiv.org, revised Jul 2025.
    • Handle: RePEc:arx:papers:2507.16548
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