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Credit Creation And Control: An Unresolved Issue In Islamic Banking "توليد" ومراقبة الائتمان: إشكال عالق لدى المصارف الإسلامية

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  • Zubair Hasan

    (Department of Economics, Faculty of Economics and Management Sciences International Islamic University, Malaysia (IIUM))

Abstract

This paper deals with a still unresolved issue - credit creation and control - in an interest free banking system. The available literature on the subject is scanty, controversial and inconclusive. The paper holds that credit creation per se is not un-Islamic; the essential point is how credit is generated and used. It argues that credit creation cannot be banished; it is an imperative for frictionless adjustment of money supply to unavoidable fluctuations in its demand in modern economies. It seeks to correct the misunderstanding in the literature that banks create credit ex nihilo. Demand for money apart, fiscal policies and foreign exchange transaction erode the credit controlling power of the central banks. The paper blames major difficulties including those of credit creation and control on the evolution of Islamic banking on the same pattern as its mainstream counterpart and suggests some structural modifications. Finally, it finds the conventional weapons of credit control inefficacious for use in an interest free banking system and suggests the inclusion of a ratio of cash to bank advances among them. The paper has some important technical and policy implications. تتناول هذه الورقة مسألة عالقة لدى المصارف القائمة على غير أساس الفائدة؛ إنـها مسألة "توليد" ومراقبة الائتمان، فالكتابات المتوفرة في الموضوع هزيلة ومثيرة للجدل وغير مقنعة. تنطلق الورقة في تناولها لهذه المسألة من تقرير أن عملية "توليد" الائتمان في ذاتـها لا تخالف الشريعة؛ لأن النقطة الهامة في الموضوع هي كيف تتم عملية التوليد هذه وكيف يستخدم الائتمان. وتمضي الورقة لتحاجج أن عملية التوليد لا يمكن نفيها؛ لأنـها ضرورية لتعديل المعروض النقدي الذي يستجيب لطلب نقدي شديد التقلبات في الاقتصاد المعاصر. إن الورقة تسعى لتصحيح المفهوم الخاطئ القائل بأن البنوك تقوم بعملية توليد للائتمان من لاشيء، لأنه ما عدا الطلب على النقود فإن السياسة الجبائية وعمليات النقد الأجنبي تحد من قدرة المصارف المركزية من مراقبة عملية الائتمان. إن الورقة توجه اللوم في التوصل لهذا الفهم الخاطئ إلى الصعوبات البالغة بما فيها عملية توليد ومراقبة النقود التي رافقت تطور البنوك الإسلامية بنفس النمط الذي تطورت به نظيرتها التقليدية، وبناء عليه تقدم الورقة مقترحات ببعض التعديلات الهيكلية المطلوبة. وأخيراً خلصت الورقة إلى أن استخدام الوسائل التقليدية لمراقبة الائتمان في نظام مصرفي خال من الفائدة عديمة الجدوى والمفعول، ولهذا فقد تم اقتراح استخدام النسبة التي تفرضها البنوك على المبالغ المقدمة فيما بينها. إن الورقة تحتوي على بعض الآثار التقنية والإجرائية الهامة.

Suggested Citation

  • Zubair Hasan, 2008. "Credit Creation And Control: An Unresolved Issue In Islamic Banking "توليد" ومراقبة الائتمان: إشكال عالق لدى المصارف الإسلامية," Papers and books based on the proceedings of the Conferences organized by the Islamic Economics Institute, KAAU. 52, King Abdulaziz University, Islamic Economics Institute..
  • Handle: RePEc:abd:ieicfp:52
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Hasan, Zubair, 1991. "Comments on Mohsin S. Khan and Abbas Mirakhor, The Financial System and Monetary Policy in an Islamic Economy," MPRA Paper 3183, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    2. Hasan, Zubair, 2005. "Islamic banking at the crossroads: theory versus practice," MPRA Paper 2821, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    3. Zubair Hasan, 1991. "Mohsin S. Khan and Abbas Mirakhor: The Financial System and Monetary Policy in an Islamic Economy, Comment: محسن س. خان وعباس ميراخور: النظام المالي والسياسة النقدية في اقتصاد إسلامي ، تعليق: زبير حسن," Journal of King Abdulaziz University: Islamic Economics, King Abdulaziz University, Islamic Economics Institute., vol. 3(1), pages 83-91, January.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

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    Cited by:

    1. Dinc, Yusuf, 2017. "The Functioning and Accounting of Musharakah Financing in Participation Banks and Firms; Problems and Recommendations," MPRA Paper 85336, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    2. Dinc, Yusuf, 2016. "A Suggestion on Mortgage Financing of Islamic Banks: Diminishing Musharakah," MPRA Paper 85335, University Library of Munich, Germany, revised 07 Feb 2017.
    3. Mtiraoui, Abderraouf & Lassoued, Mongi & Hassen Khémiri, Hend, 2019. "Le développement de la finance islamique entre la tendance et la durabilité dans la région MENA : Application sur les données de panel [The Development of Islamic Finance Between Trend and stabilit," MPRA Paper 94804, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    4. Hasan, Zubair, 2008. "Islamic Finance Education At The Graduate Level Current State And Challenges," Islamic Economic Studies, The Islamic Research and Training Institute (IRTI), vol. 16, pages 1-29.
    5. repec:pra:mprapa:39795 is not listed on IDEAS
    6. Kaouther Jouaber & Meryem Mehri, 2012. "A Theory of Profit Sharing Ratio under Adverse Selection: The Case of Islamic Venture Capital," Post-Print hal-01525795, HAL.
    7. Abderraouf Ben Ahmed Mtiraoui & Feriel Gabsi, 2018. "Finance Between Islamic Ethics, Conventional Reality and Economic Growth in the MENA Region [La finance entre l’éthique islamique, la réalité conventionnelle et croissance économique dans la région," Post-Print hal-02554666, HAL.
    8. Osman Sayid Hassan Musse & Abdelghani Echchabi & Hassanuddeen Abdul Aziz, 2015. "Fractional Reserve Banking and Price Stability: Evidence from Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) Countries," American Journal of Economics and Business Administration, Science Publications, vol. 7(3), pages 101-105, August.
    9. Lassoued, Mongi, 2018. "Comparative study on credit risk in Islamic banking institutions: The case of Malaysia," The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 70(C), pages 267-278.
    10. Hasan, Zubair, 2008. "Ialamic finance education at graduate level: Current position and challenges," MPRA Paper 8615, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    11. repec:idn:jimfjn:v:4:y:2018:i:2j:p:1-32 is not listed on IDEAS
    12. Hasan, Zubair, 2011. "Money creation and control from Islamic perspective," MPRA Paper 28366, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    13. Hasan, Zubair, 2008. "Islamic Banks: Profit sharing, equity, leverage lure and credit control," MPRA Paper 11737, University Library of Munich, Germany, revised Nov 2008.
    14. Zubair Hasan, 2010. "Islamic Banks: Profit Sharing Equity and Credit Control البنوك الإسلامية: ربحية التمويل القائم على الشراكة ومراقبة الائتمان," Journal of King Abdulaziz University: Islamic Economics, King Abdulaziz University, Islamic Economics Institute., vol. 23(1), pages 131-147, January.
    15. Mtiraoui, Abderraouf & GABSI, Feriel, 2018. "La finance entre l’éthique islamique, la réalité conventionnelle et croissance économique dans la région MENA [Finance Between Islamic Ethics, Conventional Reality and Economic Growth in the MENA R," MPRA Paper 88251, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    16. repec:dau:papers:123456789/9551 is not listed on IDEAS
    17. Ahmad M. Mashal, 2012. "Islamic Financial in the Global Financial System," Asian Economic and Financial Review, Asian Economic and Social Society, vol. 2(1), pages 207-223, March.
    18. Muhammad Zahid Siddique, 2022. "Modern money and Islamic banking in the light of Islamic law of riba," International Journal of Finance & Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 27(1), pages 993-1008, January.
    19. Hasan, Zubair, 2012. "Money evolution and control in the context of current financial crisis with Islamic inputs," MPRA Paper 73532, University Library of Munich, Germany, revised 2013.

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