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The Securitization and De‐Securitization of Kurdish Societal Security in Turkey, Iraq, Iran, And Syria

Author

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  • Hawre Hasan Hama

Abstract

The four countries hosting Kurdish populations in the Middle East have mainly been politically centralized in character and sought to follow a homogeneous nation‐state model through the assimilation of their Kurdish communities. Drawing on the concepts of societal security, securitization, and de‐securitization derived from the theories of the Copenhagen School, this article examines Kurdish (in)security in the Middle East and argues that the Kurds have experienced significant societal insecurity due to the adoption of assimilation strategies by their host states. I posit that federalism and power sharing are the two obvious de‐securitization strategies that may address the securitization of Kurdish identity in the states with significant Kurdish populations. I further argue that, while the federal model has appeared to manage securitized Kurdish identity in Iraq since 2003, this solution may not be applicable to Turkey, Iran, and Syria. Alternatively, consociational power sharing as a form of institutional de‐securitization carries the potential to address Kurdish identity in these countries. Los cuatro países que albergan poblaciones kurdas en el Medio Oriente han sido principalmente de carácter políticamente centralizado y han buscado seguir un modelo de estado‐nación homogéneo a través de la asimilación de sus comunidades kurdas. Basándose en los conceptos de seguridad social, titulización, y des‐titulización derivados de las teorías de la Escuela de Copenhague, este artículo examina la (in)seguridad kurda en el Medio Oriente y sostiene que los kurdos han experimentado una inseguridad social significativa debido a la adopción de estrategias de asimilación por parte de sus estados anfitriones. Postulo que el federalismo y el poder compartido son las dos estrategias obvias de des‐titulización que pueden abordar la titulización de la identidad kurda en los estados con poblaciones kurdas significativas. Sostengo además que, si bien el modelo federal parece gestionar la identidad kurda titulizada en Irak desde 2003, esta solución puede no ser aplicable a Turquía, Irán y Siria. Alternativamente, el poder compartido consociacional como una forma de des‐titulización institucional tiene el potencial de abordar la identidad kurda en estos países. 中東地區容納庫爾德人的四個國家在政治上主要集中在政治上,並試圖通過吸收庫爾德人社區來遵循同質的民族國家模式。本文借鑒哥本哈根學派的理論中的社會安全,證券化和去證券化的概念,考察了中東的庫爾德人(不安全)狀況,並認為由於採用他們所在國的同化策略。我認為聯邦制和權力共享是兩種明顯的去證券化策略,可以解決庫爾德人口眾多的州中庫爾德人身份的證券化問題。我進一步指出,儘管自2003年以來聯邦模式似乎已在伊拉克管理證券化庫爾德人的身份,但這種解決方案可能不適用於土耳其,伊朗和敘利亞。另外,社團權力共享作為一種制度化的證券化形式,有可能解決這些國家的庫爾德人身份問題。

Suggested Citation

  • Hawre Hasan Hama, 2020. "The Securitization and De‐Securitization of Kurdish Societal Security in Turkey, Iraq, Iran, And Syria," World Affairs, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 183(4), pages 291-314, December.
  • Handle: RePEc:wly:woraff:v:183:y:2020:i:4:p:291-314
    DOI: 10.1177/0043820020962772
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Rosiny, Stephan, 2013. "Power Sharing in Syria: Lessons from Lebanon's Experience," GIGA Working Papers 223, GIGA German Institute of Global and Area Studies.
    2. Lustick, Ian S. & Miodownik, Dan & Eidelson, Roy J., 2004. "Secessionism in Multicultural States: Does Sharing Power Prevent or Encourage It?," American Political Science Review, Cambridge University Press, vol. 98(2), pages 209-229, May.
    3. Shahram Akbarzadeh & Zahid Shahab Ahmed & Costas Laoutides & William Gourlay, 2019. "The Kurds in Iran: balancing national and ethnic identity in a securitised environment," Third World Quarterly, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 40(6), pages 1145-1162, June.
    4. Dylan O’Driscoll & Bahar Baser, 2019. "Independence referendums and nationalist rhetoric: the Kurdistan Region of Iraq," Third World Quarterly, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 40(11), pages 2016-2034, November.
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