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Railroads, land cessions and Indigenous nations: Evidence from Canada

Author

Listed:
  • Jeff Chan
  • Azim Essaji
  • Rob Gillezeau

Abstract

We examine the role that the railroad played in the dispossession and cession of Indigenous lands within the borders of present‐day Canada. Using georeferenced data on the construction of the railroad network and on the timing, content and extent of treaties signed between the Crown and Indigenous nations, we find that the expansion of the railway network does not appear to hasten the signing of treaties or increase the area ceded. However, we find evidence consistent with the Crown engaging in treaty‐signing well in advance of railroad construction to secure the path for the transcontinental railway. We find some weak evidence that US westward expansion, as measured by nearby US population, partly explains the cession of Indigenous lands in what is now Canada. Taken together, our results indicate that the relationship between the railroad and Indigenous land dispossession looked very different in Canada from the United States. In the latter, the process was concurrent; in Canada, land cession occurred well in advance of railway construction. This forward‐looking approach accords with a historical narrative that centres the role of the railway in bringing British Columbia into Confederation and in securing the Prairies from US territorial ambitions. Chemins de fer, cessions de terres et nations autochtones : données probantes du Canada. On examine le rôle joué par le chemin de fer dans la dépossession et la cession des terres autochtones à l'intérieur des frontières de ce qui est aujourd'hui le Canada. En utilisant des données géoréférencées sur la construction du réseau ferroviaire et sur le calendrier, le contenu et la portée des traités signés entre la Couronne et les nations autochtones, on constate que l'expansion du réseau ferroviaire ne semble pas accélérer la signature des traités ni accroître la superficie cédée. Cependant, on trouve des preuves qui montrent que la Couronne a signé des traités afin de sécuriser le tracé du chemin de fer transcontinental bien avant le début de sa construction. On trouve de faibles preuves que le prolongement vers l'ouest des États‐Unis, mesuré par la population américaine à proximité, explique en partie la cession de terres autochtones dans ce qui est aujourd'hui le Canada. Analysés ensemble, nos résultats indiquent que le lien entre le chemin de fer et la dépossession des terres autochtones semble très différent au Canada et aux États‐Unis. Dans le premier cas, la cession de terre a eu lieu bien avant la construction du chemin de fer; dans le second, le processus était concomitant. L'approche canadienne, tournée vers l'avenir, s'inscrit dans une trame historique mettant l'accent sur le rôle du chemin de fer dans l'entrée de la Colombie‐Britannique au sein de la confédération et dans la protection des Prairies contre les ambitions territoriales américaines.

Suggested Citation

  • Jeff Chan & Azim Essaji & Rob Gillezeau, 2025. "Railroads, land cessions and Indigenous nations: Evidence from Canada," Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d'économique, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 58(3), pages 860-891, August.
  • Handle: RePEc:wly:canjec:v:58:y:2025:i:3:p:860-891
    DOI: 10.1111/caje.70020
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    References listed on IDEAS

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