The ontology of coevolution beyond economic systems

This paper provides an analysis of the general ontology of coevolutionary processes. I argue that to properly understand the ontological phenomenon of coevolution, we need to move away from neophobic, flat, and substance-based ontologies and adopt a pluralist and emergentist process metaphysics that takes into account both horizontal and vertical codetermination. Following this approach, I differentiate between ontological (co)evolution in a general and specific sense. General (co)evolution can be observed in physical and chemical matter. Before the emergence of living matter, the universe evolved, achieving more ontological complexity and qualitative density. Since physical and chemical matter are made up of a complex interplay of continuities and discontinuities, physical and chemical entities and processes are multiple and codetermine each other through a dynamic complex patterning, as basically described by what the Spanish philosopher Gustavo Bueno called symploké following Plato’s Sophist. Therefore, physical and chemical evolutionary processes are more accurately described as coevolutionary processes. On the other hand, specific coevolution can be observed in the biological, social, and cultural/artificial realms. Its ontological specificity lies in the dynamic interactions of novelty, replication, and selection, which are absent in physical and chemical matter. In conclusion, I argue that rather than unnecessarily complicating our view of reality, this approach is manageable epistemologically and allows for a better understanding of dynamic codetermination in the universe, from physical matter to cultural spheres.