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Contextual Responses to Affirmative and/or Reversed-Worded Items

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  • Ulf Böckenholt

    (Northwestern University, Kellogg School of Management)

Abstract

This paper presents a systematic investigation of how affirmative and polar-opposite items presented either jointly or separately affect yea-saying tendencies. We measure these yea-saying tendencies with item response models that estimate a respondent’s tendency to give a “yea”-response that may be unrelated to the target trait. In a re-analysis of the Zhang et al. (PLoS ONE, 11:1–15, 2016) data, we find that yea-saying tendencies depend on whether items are presented as part of a scale that contains affirmative and/or polar-opposite items. Yea-saying tendencies are stronger for affirmative than for polar-opposite items. Moreover, presenting polar-opposite items together with affirmative items creates lower yea-saying tendencies for polar-opposite items than when presented in isolation. IRT models that do not account for these yea-saying effects arrive at a two-dimensional representation of the target trait. These findings demonstrate that the contextual information provided by an item scale can serve as a determinant of differential item functioning.

Suggested Citation

  • Ulf Böckenholt, 2019. "Contextual Responses to Affirmative and/or Reversed-Worded Items," Psychometrika, Springer;The Psychometric Society, vol. 84(4), pages 986-999, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:spr:psycho:v:84:y:2019:i:4:d:10.1007_s11336-019-09680-7
    DOI: 10.1007/s11336-019-09680-7
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. R. Bock & Murray Aitkin, 1981. "Marginal maximum likelihood estimation of item parameters: Application of an EM algorithm," Psychometrika, Springer;The Psychometric Society, vol. 46(4), pages 443-459, December.
    2. Xijuan Zhang & Ramsha Noor & Victoria Savalei, 2016. "Examining the Effect of Reverse Worded Items on the Factor Structure of the Need for Cognition Scale," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 11(6), pages 1-15, June.
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