Assessment of livelihood vulnerability across different altitudinal zones under the influence of a changing climate in the Trans-Himalayan region

The Trans-Himalayan region, characterised by its harsh climatic conditions and rugged terrain, presents challenges to human habitation and livelihoods. The communities in this region face varying degrees of exposure and sensitivity to climatic and non-climatic factors, influencing their ability to adapt and sustain livelihoods. The Livelihood vulnerability was assessed across different altitude zones in the region, focusing on villages situated at elevations of 3000–3500 m, 3500–4000 m, and 4000–4500 m above sea level. The Livelihood Vulnerability Index (LVI) was calculated for each altitude zone, revealing significant variations in vulnerability. Results showed that the mid-altitude zone (3500–4000 m) showed the highest vulnerability due to increased exposure to climatic variations and natural hazards. The lower altitude zone (3000–3500 m) showed moderate vulnerability with strong adaptive capacity, mitigating the impacts of environmental stress. The highest altitude zone (4000–4500 m) showed high vulnerability with significant exposure and moderate adaptive capacity, reflecting the fragile nature of high-altitude ecosystems. Key findings include heightened exposure to climate variability and weather extremes and sensitivity to food and water availability across all zones, with variations in exposure and adaptive capacity shaping the vulnerability levels. The study highlights the need for altitude-specific interventions aimed at strengthening resilience. Emphasis should be placed on enhancing socio-economic infrastructure, promoting sustainable livelihood strategies, and fostering community participation to effectively address the impacts of climate change across higher vulnerability zones.