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Integrated landslide risk assessment utilizing open source satellite and ground data in the Himalayas of Northern Pakistan

Author

Listed:
  • Naseem Ahmad

    (University of Peshawar
    GIS and Space Applications in Geosciences (G-SAG), University of Peshawar)

  • Muhammad Shafique

    (University of Peshawar
    GIS and Space Applications in Geosciences (G-SAG), University of Peshawar)

  • Mian Luqman Hussain

    (University of Peshawar
    GIS and Space Applications in Geosciences (G-SAG), University of Peshawar)

  • Munawar Shah

    (Tongji University)

  • Punyawi Jamjareegulgarn

    (King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang)

  • Nassir Saad Alarifi

    (College of Science King Saud University)

  • Mostafa R. Abukhadra

    (Applied Science Private University)

Abstract

Landslides have devastating effect on communities, infrastructure, and the environment, making them one of the most recurring and harmful natural hazards globally. This study propose an integrated approach of freely available geospatial data and semi-quantitative techniques to evaluate landslide hazard, vulnerability, and risk in one of the most landslide-prone valleys i.e., Kaghan Valley, northern Pakistan. The Google Earth Pro, high-resolution DEM and satellite images are used to develop a landslide inventory, derived causative factors and assess the landslide hazard and risk assessment in Kaghan Valley. The landslide susceptibility map is then integrated with landslide-triggering factors to derive a landslide hazardindex map. A geospatial database of element-at-risk data of 66,282 building footprints, typological data, road network, population, and land cover are obtained through remote sensing and extensive field surveys. The quantitative analysis revealed that 8.43 km2 (0.66%) of the total area falls under the very high-risk category, while 271.19 km2 (21.11%) is classified as high risk, and 80.91 km2 (6.30%) as moderate risk, establishing a strong basis for risk assessment.

Suggested Citation

  • Naseem Ahmad & Muhammad Shafique & Mian Luqman Hussain & Munawar Shah & Punyawi Jamjareegulgarn & Nassir Saad Alarifi & Mostafa R. Abukhadra, 2025. "Integrated landslide risk assessment utilizing open source satellite and ground data in the Himalayas of Northern Pakistan," Natural Hazards: Journal of the International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, Springer;International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, vol. 121(13), pages 15751-15787, July.
    • Handle: RePEc:spr:nathaz:v:121:y:2025:i:13:d:10.1007_s11069-025-07443-5
    DOI: 10.1007/s11069-025-07443-5
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