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How We Feel is a Matter of Time: Relationships Between Time Perspectives and Mood

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  • Maciej Stolarski
  • Gerald Matthews
  • Sławomir Postek
  • Philip Zimbardo
  • Joanna Bitner

Abstract

Both personality and emotional experiences may be influenced by people’s time perspectives. The Zimbardo time perspective inventory measures five trait dimensions related to past, present and future perspectives. Two studies were conducted to investigate how these time perspective dimensions related to mood. The first study (n = 260) confirmed that ZTPI scales predicted moods including energetic arousal, tense arousal and Hedonic Tone, revealing that past negative and Present Hedonistic time perspectives are the most robust predictors of current emotional states. Moreover, future time perspective proved to predict energetic arousal, but the effect was suppressed by present hedonism. The second study (n = 65) measured mood twice in a 4-week period, and focused on relationships between the ZTPI and recalled and anticipated mood. Analyses conducted using DBTP, an index of temporal harmony based on the ZTPI scores, proved that balanced time perspective was related to more positive mood states in both studies. Findings confirmed that time perspective appears to influence both recall and anticipation of mood. For example, past negative time perspective is associated with anticipation of negative moods, and Past Positive perspective relates to both recall and anticipation of energy. Time perspective may structure the individual’s affective experience. Copyright Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2014

Suggested Citation

  • Maciej Stolarski & Gerald Matthews & Sławomir Postek & Philip Zimbardo & Joanna Bitner, 2014. "How We Feel is a Matter of Time: Relationships Between Time Perspectives and Mood," Journal of Happiness Studies, Springer, vol. 15(4), pages 809-827, August.
    • Handle: RePEc:spr:jhappi:v:15:y:2014:i:4:p:809-827
    DOI: 10.1007/s10902-013-9450-y
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Jia Zhang & Ryan Howell & Maciej Stolarski, 2013. "Comparing Three Methods to Measure a Balanced Time Perspective: The Relationship Between a Balanced Time Perspective and Subjective Well-Being," Journal of Happiness Studies, Springer, vol. 14(1), pages 169-184, March.
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    Cited by:

    1. Barnes, Stuart J., 2021. "Stuck in the past or living in the present? Temporal focus and the spread of COVID-19," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 280(C).
    2. Daniel A. Cernas-Ortiz, 2024. "Temporal Focus Profiles in the College and the Workplace: Exploration and Relationships with Well-being Constructs in Mexico," Applied Research in Quality of Life, Springer;International Society for Quality-of-Life Studies, vol. 19(4), pages 1571-1600, August.
    3. Ulrich Wiesmann & Ilka Ballas & Hans-Joachim Hannich, 2018. "Sense of Coherence, Time Perspective and Positive Aging," Journal of Happiness Studies, Springer, vol. 19(3), pages 817-839, March.
    4. Julia Wyszomirska & Monika Bąk-Sosnowska, 2023. "Time Goes Back—Time Perspective in Polish Men with Compulsive Sexual Behavior Disorder and Risky Sexual Behavior," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(6), pages 1-21, March.
    5. Hod Orkibi & Efrat Dafner, 2016. "Exposure to Risk Factors and the Subjective Wellbeing of Adolescents: the Mediating Role of Time Perspective," Child Indicators Research, Springer;The International Society of Child Indicators (ISCI), vol. 9(3), pages 663-682, September.
    6. Małgorzata Sobol & Agata Blachnio & Katarzyna Pasternak, 2023. "Time in a Virtual World: Facebook Intrusion, Time Perspective, and Contents of Facebook Narratives," SAGE Open, , vol. 13(3), pages 21582440231, July.
    7. Hod Orkibi & Tammie Ronen, 2019. "A Dual-Pathway Model Linking Self-Control Skills to Aggression in Adolescents: Happiness and Time Perspective as Mediators," Journal of Happiness Studies, Springer, vol. 20(3), pages 729-742, March.
    8. Bozena Burzynska-Tatjewska & Gerald Matthews & Maciej Stolarski, 2022. "Seeking Causality in the Links between Time Perspectives and Gratitude, Savoring the Moment and Prioritizing Positivity: Initial Empirical Test of Three Conceptual Models," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(8), pages 1-20, April.
    9. Marco Fabbri & Alessia Beracci & Monica Martoni, 2022. "Insomnia, Time Perspective, and Personality Traits: A Cross-Sectional Study in a Non-Clinical Population," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(17), pages 1-15, September.
    10. Aneta Przepiorka & Malgorzata Sobol-Kwapinska, 2021. "People with Positive Time Perspective are More Grateful and Happier: Gratitude Mediates the Relationship Between Time Perspective and Life Satisfaction," Journal of Happiness Studies, Springer, vol. 22(1), pages 113-126, January.
    11. Agnieszka Lasota & Justyna Mróz, 2021. "Positive Psychology in Times of Pandemic—Time Perspective as a Moderator of the Relationship between Resilience and Meaning in Life," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(24), pages 1-13, December.
    12. Navarro, Raúl & Yubero, Santiago & Larrañaga, Elisa, 2018. "Cyberbullying victimization and fatalism in adolescence: Resilience as a moderator," Children and Youth Services Review, Elsevier, vol. 84(C), pages 215-221.

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