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Population norms for the EQ-5D-5L for Hungary: comparison of online surveys and computer assisted personal interviews

Author

Listed:
  • Márta Péntek

    (Óbuda University
    Óbuda University)

  • Viktor Jáger

    (Hungarian Central Statistical Office)

  • Áron Kincses

    (Hungarian Central Statistical Office
    University of Miskolc)

  • Áron Hölgyesi

    (Óbuda University
    Semmelweis University)

  • Zsombor Zrubka

    (Óbuda University
    Óbuda University)

  • Petra Baji

    (University of Bristol)

  • Levente Kovács

    (Óbuda University)

  • László Gulácsi

    (Óbuda University
    Óbuda University)

Abstract

Background and objectives The aims of this study were to provide population norms for EQ-5D-5L in Hungary and investigate the differences in EQ-5D-5L normative data by survey mode, i.e. online surveys and computer assisted personal interviews (CAPI). Methods A pooled database was built comprising six online (N = 7,034) and two CAPI (N = 3,020) population-based studies with the EQ-5D-5L. Descriptive statistics were performed. Multinominal logistic and linear regression analyses were applied to compare the online and CAPI samples. Traditional and machine learning regression tools were used to investigate the determinants of EQ-5D-5L index values. Results ‘No problems’ in any of the five EQ-5D-5L domains were reported by 33.9% (online) and 58.9% (CAPI) of the participants. Most problems were reported on the pain/discomfort domain in both study types (51.9% and 33.6%, respectively). Men and more educated respondents had significantly higher average EQ-5D-5L index values. EQ-5D-5L index values and EQ VAS scores were significantly higher in the CAPI sample, except in age groups 65–74 (no difference) and 75+ (online scores were significantly higher). Only 7–10% of variance in the EQ-5D-5L index values was explained by the variables survey mode, education, sex and age, with age having the largest and sex the smallest effect. Conclusions EQ-5D-5L population norms derived from online and CAPI studies may differ significantly from each other. It is recommended to consider the survey mode, sampling and sociodemographic characteristics of the participants when choosing population norms as reference set. Further comparative studies investigating EQ-5D-5L population norms by different study designs and administration modes are encouraged.

Suggested Citation

  • Márta Péntek & Viktor Jáger & Áron Kincses & Áron Hölgyesi & Zsombor Zrubka & Petra Baji & Levente Kovács & László Gulácsi, 2025. "Population norms for the EQ-5D-5L for Hungary: comparison of online surveys and computer assisted personal interviews," The European Journal of Health Economics, Springer;Deutsche Gesellschaft für Gesundheitsökonomie (DGGÖ), vol. 26(6), pages 1111-1126, August.
    • Handle: RePEc:spr:eujhec:v:26:y:2025:i:6:d:10.1007_s10198-024-01755-2
    DOI: 10.1007/s10198-024-01755-2
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Óscar Brito Fernandes & Armin Lucevic & Márta Péntek & Dionne Kringos & Niek Klazinga & László Gulácsi & Zsombor Zrubka & Petra Baji, 2021. "Self-Reported Waiting Times for Outpatient Health Care Services in Hungary: Results of a Cross-Sectional Survey on a National Representative Sample," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(5), pages 1-14, February.
    2. Armin Lucevic & Márta Péntek & Dionne Kringos & Niek Klazinga & László Gulácsi & Óscar Brito Fernandes & Imre Boncz & Petra Baji, 2019. "Unmet medical needs in ambulatory care in Hungary: forgone visits and medications from a representative population survey," The European Journal of Health Economics, Springer;Deutsche Gesellschaft für Gesundheitsökonomie (DGGÖ), vol. 20(1), pages 71-78, June.
    3. Aimin Wang & Kim Rand & Zhihao Yang & Richard Brooks & Jan Busschbach, 2022. "The remarkably frequent use of EQ-5D in non-economic research," The European Journal of Health Economics, Springer;Deutsche Gesellschaft für Gesundheitsökonomie (DGGÖ), vol. 23(6), pages 1007-1014, August.
    4. Nancy J. Devlin & Richard Brooks, 2017. "EQ-5D and the EuroQol Group: Past, Present and Future," Applied Health Economics and Health Policy, Springer, vol. 15(2), pages 127-137, April.
    5. Óscar Brito Fernandes & Márta Péntek & Dionne Kringos & Niek Klazinga & László Gulácsi & Petra Baji, 2020. "Eliciting preferences for outpatient care experiences in Hungary: A discrete choice experiment with a national representative sample," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 15(7), pages 1-15, July.
    6. Petra Baji & Miklós Farkas & Dominik Golicki & Valentina Prevolnik Rupel & Renske Hoefman & Werner B. F. Brouwer & Job Exel & Zsombor Zrubka & László Gulácsi & Márta Péntek, 2020. "Development of Population Tariffs for the CarerQol Instrument for Hungary, Poland and Slovenia: A Discrete Choice Experiment Study to Measure the Burden of Informal Caregiving," PharmacoEconomics, Springer, vol. 38(6), pages 633-643, June.
    7. Zsombor Zrubka & Áron Kincses & Tamás Ferenci & Levente Kovács & László Gulácsi & Márta Péntek, 2022. "Comparing actuarial and subjective healthy life expectancy estimates: A cross-sectional survey among the general population in Hungary," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 17(3), pages 1-21, March.
    8. Márta Péntek & Ottó Hajdu & Fanni Rencz & Zsuzsanna Beretzky & Valentin Brodszky & Petra Baji & Zsombor Zrubka & Klára Major & László Gulácsi, 2019. "Subjective expectations regarding ageing: a cross-sectional online population survey in Hungary," The European Journal of Health Economics, Springer;Deutsche Gesellschaft für Gesundheitsökonomie (DGGÖ), vol. 20(1), pages 17-30, June.
    9. Fredrick Dermawan Purba & Joke A M Hunfeld & Aulia Iskandarsyah & Titi Sahidah Fitriana & Sawitri S Sadarjoen & Jan Passchier & Jan J V Busschbach, 2018. "Quality of life of the Indonesian general population: Test-retest reliability and population norms of the EQ-5D-5L and WHOQOL-BREF," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 13(5), pages 1-20, May.
    10. Zsombor Zrubka & Péter Vékás & Péter Németh & Ágota Dobos & Ottó Hajdu & Levente Kovács & László Gulácsi & Judith Hibbard & Márta Péntek, 2022. "Validation of the PAM-13 instrument in the Hungarian general population 40 years old and above," The European Journal of Health Economics, Springer;Deutsche Gesellschaft für Gesundheitsökonomie (DGGÖ), vol. 23(8), pages 1341-1355, November.
    11. Zsombor Zrubka & Ottó Hajdu & Fanni Rencz & Petra Baji & László Gulácsi & Márta Péntek, 2019. "Psychometric properties of the Hungarian version of the eHealth Literacy Scale," The European Journal of Health Economics, Springer;Deutsche Gesellschaft für Gesundheitsökonomie (DGGÖ), vol. 20(1), pages 57-69, June.
    12. Matthew Kennedy-Martin & Bernhard Slaap & Michael Herdman & Mandy Reenen & Tessa Kennedy-Martin & Wolfgang Greiner & Jan Busschbach & Kristina S. Boye, 2020. "Which multi-attribute utility instruments are recommended for use in cost-utility analysis? A review of national health technology assessment (HTA) guidelines," The European Journal of Health Economics, Springer;Deutsche Gesellschaft für Gesundheitsökonomie (DGGÖ), vol. 21(8), pages 1245-1257, November.
    13. Fanni Rencz & Béla Tamási & Valentin Brodszky & László Gulácsi & Miklós Weszl & Márta Péntek, 2019. "Validity and reliability of the 9-item Shared Decision Making Questionnaire (SDM-Q-9) in a national survey in Hungary," The European Journal of Health Economics, Springer;Deutsche Gesellschaft für Gesundheitsökonomie (DGGÖ), vol. 20(1), pages 43-55, June.
    14. Petra Baji & Miklós Farkas & Ágota Dobos & Zsombor Zrubka & Levente Kovács & László Gulácsi & Márta Péntek, 2021. "Comparing the measurement properties of the ICECAP-A and ICECAP-O instruments in ages 50–70: a cross-sectional study on a representative sample of the Hungarian general population," The European Journal of Health Economics, Springer;Deutsche Gesellschaft für Gesundheitsökonomie (DGGÖ), vol. 22(9), pages 1453-1466, December.
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