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Measuring Job Creation, Growth, and Survival among the Universe of Start-ups in the United States Using a Combined Start-up Panel Data Set

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  • Robert W. Fairlie
  • Javier Miranda
  • Nikolas Zolas

Abstract

The field of entrepreneurship is growing rapidly and expanding into new areas. This article presents a new compilation of administrative panel data on the universe of business start-ups in the United States, which will be useful for future research in entrepreneurship. To create the US start-up panel data set, the authors link the universe of non-employer firms to the universe of employer firms in the Longitudinal Business Database (LBD). Start-up cohorts of more than five million new businesses per year, which create roughly three million jobs, can be tracked over time. To illustrate the potential of the new start-up panel data set for future research, the authors provide descriptive statistics for a few examples of research topics using a representative start-up cohort.

Suggested Citation

  • Robert W. Fairlie & Javier Miranda & Nikolas Zolas, 2019. "Measuring Job Creation, Growth, and Survival among the Universe of Start-ups in the United States Using a Combined Start-up Panel Data Set," ILR Review, Cornell University, ILR School, vol. 72(5), pages 1262-1277, October.
    • Handle: RePEc:sae:ilrrev:v:72:y:2019:i:5:p:1262-1277
    DOI: 10.1177/0019793919862764
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    Cited by:

    1. Charlene Marie Kalenkoski & Sabrina Wulff Pabilonia, 2022. "Impacts of COVID-19 on the self-employed," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 58(2), pages 741-768, February.
    2. Hoang, Huy Viet & Nguyen, Cuong & Nguyen, Duc Khuong, 2022. "Corporate immunity, national culture and stock returns: Startups amid the COVID-19 pandemic," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 79(C).
    3. Daniel Fackler & Lisa Hölscher & Claus Schnabel & Antje Weyh, 2022. "Does working at a start-up pay off?," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 58(4), pages 2211-2233, April.
    4. Unel, Bulent & Upton, Gregory B., 2023. "Oil & gas induced economic fluctuations and self-employment," Labour Economics, Elsevier, vol. 82(C).
    5. Fehder, Daniel C. & Hausman, Naomi & Hochberg, Yael V., 2025. "Innovation and capital," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 169(C).
    6. Jerzy Cieślik & Ondřej Dvouletý & André Stel, 2025. "Expansion and job creation strategies in different solo self-employment segments," International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, Springer, vol. 21(1), pages 1-27, December.
    7. Younjun Kim & Peter F. Orazem, 2025. "What increases the urban–rural gap in firm entry rates?," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 65(2), pages 1141-1158, August.
    8. Arnaldo Camuffo & Alfonso Gambardella & Danilo Messinese & Elena Novelli & Emilio Paolucci & Chiara Spina, 2024. "A scientific approach to entrepreneurial decision‐making: Large‐scale replication and extension," Strategic Management Journal, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 45(6), pages 1209-1237, June.
    9. Hackler, Darrene & Harpel, Ellen, 2021. "Incentives for Entrepreneurial Firms and Technical and Policy Appendices," MPRA Paper 109173, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    10. Alicia Robb & Adji Fatou Diagne, 2025. "Startup Dynamics: Transitioning from Nonemployer Firms to Employer Firms, Survival, and Job Creation," Working Papers 25-26, Center for Economic Studies, U.S. Census Bureau.
    11. Jerzy Cieślik & André van Stel, 2024. "Solo self‐employment––Key policy challenges," Journal of Economic Surveys, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 38(3), pages 759-792, July.
    12. Fanjul, Ana P. & Herrera, Liliana & Munoz-Doyague, Maria F., 2023. "Fostering rural entrepreneurship: An ex-post analysis for Spanish municipalities," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 197(C).

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