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The ECB’s monetary policy strategy: from the 2021 review to the 2025 assessment

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  • Alexandre Carvalho
  • José Miguel Cardoso da Costa
  • Joana Garcia
  • Sandra Gomes
  • Pedro Pires Ribeiro

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Suggested Citation

  • Alexandre Carvalho & José Miguel Cardoso da Costa & Joana Garcia & Sandra Gomes & Pedro Pires Ribeiro, 2025. "The ECB’s monetary policy strategy: from the 2021 review to the 2025 assessment," Economic Bulletin and Financial Stability Report Articles and Banco de Portugal Economic Studies, Banco de Portugal, Economics and Research Department.
    • Handle: RePEc:ptu:bdpart:re202504
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    File URL: https://www.bportugal.pt/sites/default/files/documents/2025-01/RE202504_en.pdf
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Gabriele Galati & Richhild Moessner & Maarten van Rooij, 2022. "Reactions of household inflation expectations to a symmetric inflation target and high inflation (August 2022 update)," Working Papers 743, DNB.
    2. Rojas, Luis E. & Thaler, Dominik, 2024. "The bright side of the doom loop: Banks’ sovereign exposure and default incentives," European Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 170(C).
    3. Gianluca Benigno & Boris Hofmann & Galo Nuño Barrau & Damiano Sandri, 2024. "Quo vadis, r*? The natural rate of interest after the pandemic," BIS Quarterly Review, Bank for International Settlements, March.
    4. Fernández-Villaverde, Jesús & Marbet, Joël & Nuño, Galo & Rachedi, Omar, 2025. "Inequality and the zero lower bound," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 249(PC).
    5. João Valle e Azevedo & João Ritto & Pedro Teles, 2022. "The Neutrality Of Nominal Rates: How Long Is The Long Run?," International Economic Review, Department of Economics, University of Pennsylvania and Osaka University Institute of Social and Economic Research Association, vol. 63(4), pages 1745-1777, November.
    6. Bottone, Marco & Tagliabracci, Alex & Zevi, Giordano, 2022. "Inflation expectations and the ECB’s perceived inflation objective: Novel evidence from firm-level data," Journal of Monetary Economics, Elsevier, vol. 129(S), pages 15-34.
    7. Martín Uribe, 2022. "The Neo-Fisher Effect: Econometric Evidence from Empirical and Optimizing Models," American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics, American Economic Association, vol. 14(3), pages 133-162, July.
    8. repec:ptu:bdpart:e202410 is not listed on IDEAS
    9. Svensson, Lars E. O., 1999. "Inflation targeting as a monetary policy rule," Journal of Monetary Economics, Elsevier, vol. 43(3), pages 607-654, June.
    10. Joao Ayres & Gaston Navarro & Juan Pablo Nicolini & Pedro Teles, 2019. "Self-Fulfilling Debt Crises with Long Stagnations," Working Papers 757, Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis.
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