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Euro et dispersion des prix à l’exportation

Author

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  • Julien Martin
  • Isabelle Méjean

Abstract

En renforçant les comportements d'arbitrage, l'union monétaire est supposée réduire la dispersion des prix à l'intérieur de la zone intégrée. Le partage d'une monnaie unique facilite en effet les comparaisons de prix et réduit les coûts de transaction tels que les coûts de conversion. L'intégration monétaire devrait donc conduire à une convergence des prix. Dans cet article, nous testons cette hypothèse en utilisant l'expérience naturelle de l'Union monétaire européenne (UME). L'étude empirique est basée sur des données individuelles de prix à l'exportation français et une stratégie d'estimation en double différences. La variable expliquée est la dispersion des prix fixés par une firme donnée sur ses différents marchés, que nous interprétons comme une mesure de discrimination par les prix. Les résultats montrent que l'introduction de la monnaie unique a significativement réduit la dispersion des prix à l'intérieur de la zone euro, par rapport au reste de l'OCDE mais aussi par rapport aux autres membres de l'Union européenne n'ayant pas adhéré à l'UME. L'ampleur de cet effet est cependant assez faible. Avant la mise en place de la monnaie unique, les prix dans la zone euro sont 15 % plus élevés que dans le reste de l'Union européenne. Après 1999, l'écart se réduit, passant à 8,1 %. Les stratégies de prix diffèrent selon la taille des firmes. En particulier, nous montrons que l'introduction de la monnaie unique a eu un impact relativement plus important sur la discrimination par les prix des plus grandes entreprises. Ce résultat tient probablement au fait que les grandes firmes sont aussi celles dont les prix, avant le passage à la monnaie unique, étaient les plus dispersés.
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Suggested Citation

  • Julien Martin & Isabelle Méjean, 2010. "Euro et dispersion des prix à l’exportation," Économie et Statistique, Programme National Persée, vol. 435(1), pages 49-64.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:ecstat:estat_0336-1454_2010_num_435_1_9577
    DOI: 10.3406/estat.2010.9577
    Note: DOI:10.3406/estat.2010.9577
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    References listed on IDEAS

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