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La dynamique des changements de prix de production en France : une analyse à partir des relevés de prix de production

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  • Erwan Gautier

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[fre] Sur la période 1994-2005, les prix à la production dans l'industrie changent en moyenne tous les six mois environ, et ceux des services aux entreprises tous les douze mois. Ce rythme varie d'un secteur à l'autre : les prix de l'énergie durent en moyenne un peu plus de deux mois alors que ceux des biens d'équipement durent un peu moins de huit mois. Par ailleurs, les changements de prix sont d'ampleur relativement modeste pour l'ensemble des prix à la production. Les baisses comme les hausses sont en moyenne de l'ordre de 4 %. Un peu plus de 40 % des changements de prix sont des baisses, et il n'existe pas d'asymétrie dans la distribution des tailles de changements de prix sauf dans les services aux entreprises. Dans ce dernier secteur, les changements sont moins fréquents, mais plus marqués et davantage orientés à la hausse. Les déterminants des modifications de prix sont principalement des effets de calendrier (périodes de signature des contrats entre entreprises) et l'évolution générale des prix à la production. Dans une moindre mesure, la position dans le cycle économique du secteur et le coût des matières premières ont aussi une influence. La structure de marché du secteur jouerait enfin un rôle d'amortisseur des chocs : dans les secteurs les plus concentrés, les prix sont moins réactifs aux changements économiques. L'évolution générale des prix à la production, très variable au cours de la période étudiée, peut être le résultat de l'agrégation de plusieurs comportements microéconomiques : le niveau général des prix augmente (resp. baisse) parce que les entreprises changent plus souvent (resp. moins souvent) leurs prix ou bien sous l'effet de hausses de prix en moyenne plus fortes que par le passé (resp. plus faibles). Il semble que l'évolution générale des prix soit plus déterminée par le rapport entre le nombre de hausses de prix et le nombre de baisses de prix que par l'ampleur de ces hausses ou de ces baisses. [ger] Dynamik der Änderungen der Herstellungspreise: eine Analyse anhand von Herstellungspreiserhebungen. Im Zeitraum 1994-2005 änderten sich die Herstellungspreise in der Industrie im Schnitt ca. alle sechs Monate und diejenigen der unternehmensbezogenen Dienstleistungen alle zwölf Monate. Dieser Rhythmus variiert je nach Sektor: Die Energiepreise bleiben im Schnitt etwas mehr als zwei Monate unverändert, während die Preise der Ausrüstungsgüter knapp acht Monate stabil bleiben. Die Änderungen sind bei sämtlichen Herstellungspreisen außerdem relativ moderat. Die Steigerungen und Rückgänge liegen im Schnitt bei 4 %. Etwas mehr als 40 % der Preisänderungen sind auf Senkungen zurückzuführen. Bei der Verteilung des Umfangs der Preisänderungen gibt es außer bei den unternehmensbezogenen Dienstleistungen keine Asymmetrie. Im letzteren Bereich sind die Änderungen weniger häufi g, dafür aber ausgeprägter und in stärkerem Maße durch Anstiege bedingt. Ursachen für Preisänderungen sind hauptsächlich Kalendereffekte (Zeitpunkt der Vergabe von Verträgen zwischen Unternehmen) sowie die allgemeine Entwicklung der Herstellungspreise. Auch die jeweilige Konjunktur des Sektors und die Rohstoffpreise wirken sich aus, allerdings geringfügiger. Die Marktstruktur des Sektors kann schließlich die Schocks abfedern: In den Sektoren mit der größten Konzentration reagieren die Preise weniger stark auf wirtschaftliche Veränderungen. Die allgemeine Entwicklung der Herstellungspreise, die im untersuchten Zeitraum sehr unterschiedlich ist, kann das Ergebnis der Aggregierung mehrerer mikroökonomischer Verhaltensweisen sein: Das allgemeine Preisniveau steigt (bzw. sinkt), weil die Unternehmen ihre Preise öfter (bzw. nicht so oft) ändern oder weil sich die durchschnittlichen Preiserhöhungen stärker (bzw. geringfügiger) als in der Vergangenheit auswirken. Die allgemeine Preisentwicklung ist stärker durch das Verhältnis zwischen der Anzahl der Preiserhöhungen und der Anzahl der Preissenkungen als durch den Umfang dieser Erhöhungen bzw. Senkungen geprägt. [spa] La dinámica de los cambios de precio de la producción: un análisis a partir de las relaciones de precios de la producción. En el período 1994-2005, los precios de producción en la industria cambian en promedio cada seis meses y los de los servicios a las empresas cada año. Este ritmo cambia de un sector a otro: la duración media del precio de la energía es de poco más de dos meses, mientras que la de los bienes de equipo un poco menos de ocho meses. Además, la amplitud de los cambios de precio es relativamente modesta para el conjunto de los precios de producción. El promedio, tanto de las bajas como de las alzas, es del orden de 4 %. Un poco más del 40 % de los cambios de precio son bajadas y no existe asimetría en la distribución de los cortes de cambio de precio, salvo en los servicios a las empresas. En este último sector, los cambios son menos frecuentes, pero con una tendencia más marcada y orientada al alza. Los determinantes de las modifi caciones de precios se deben principalmente al calendario (períodos de fi rma de contratos entre empresas) y a la evolución general de los precios de la producción. La posición en el ciclo económico del sector y el coste de las materias primas también infl uyen, pero en menor medida. Por último, la estructura de mercado del sector desempeñaría un papel de amortiguador de los choques: en los sectores más concentrados, los precios son menos reactivos a los cambios económicos. La evolución general de los precios de producción, muy variable en el período estudiado, puede ser el resultado de agregar varios comportamientos microeconómicos: el nivel general de los precios aumenta (resp. baja) porque las empresas cambian más a menudo (resp. menos frecuente) sus precios o bien debido a las alzas de precios en promedio más elevadas que en el pasado (resp. más débil). Parece que la evolución general de los precios esté más determinada por la relación entre la cantidad de subidas y bajadas de precio que por la amplitud de ambas. [eng] Over the period 1994-2005, industrial production prices changed on average every six months, and prices for company services every twelve months. This rhythm varies from one sector to the next: energy prices last on average a little over two months while those for capital goods last just under eight months. Furthermore, price changes are relatively modest in scale for all production prices. Falls and rises amount to around 4% on average. A little over 40% of price changes are falls, and there is no bias in the distribution of price change levels except in company services. In this latter sector, changes are less frequent, but more marked and more likely to be rises. The determiners of price changes are mainly calendar effects (periods when contracts are signed between companies) and general changes in production prices. To a lesser extent, the position in the sector’s economic cycle and the cost of raw materials also have an infl uence. The structure of the market in the sector also seems to act as a shock absorber: in the most concentrated sectors, prices are less reactive to economic changes. General changes in production prices, which vary greatly over the period in question, may be the result of a combination of several microeconomic factors: the general level of price increases (or falls) because companies change their prices more often (or less often) or the result of price rises which are on average more signifi cant (or less signifi cant) than in the past. It seems that general price changes are more determined by the relationship between the number of price rises and the number of price falls than by the scale of these rises or falls. The Changing Picture of Production Prices: an Analysis using Production Price Surveys

Suggested Citation

  • Erwan Gautier, 2007. "La dynamique des changements de prix de production en France : une analyse à partir des relevés de prix de production," Économie et Statistique, Programme National Persée, vol. 407(1), pages 3-26.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:ecstat:estat_0336-1454_2007_num_407_1_7069
    DOI: 10.3406/estat.2007.7069
    Note: DOI:10.3406/estat.2007.7069
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Erwan Gautier, 2009. "Les ajustements microéconomiques des prix : une synthèse des modèles théoriques et résultats empiriques," Revue d'économie politique, Dalloz, vol. 119(3), pages 323-372.
    2. Erwan Gautier & Ronan Le Saout, 2015. "L'ajustement microéconomique des prix des carburants en France," Working Papers hal-01195759, HAL.

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