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Measurement invariance of the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression scale and associations with genetic risk in older adults

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  • Toni T Saari
  • Maarit Piirtola
  • Aino Aaltonen
  • Teemu Palviainen
  • Anni Varjonen
  • Valtteri Julkunen
  • Juha O Rinne
  • Jaakko Kaprio
  • Eero Vuoksimaa

Abstract

Background: As populations are aging, it needs to be ensured that valid depression rating scales are available across old adulthood. Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression scale (CES-D) is a common depression rating scale, however, few studies have assessed its validity in individuals with age over 90 and/or cognitive impairment. We examined the factor structures of 20-, 15-, and 8-item CES-D scales, their measurement invariance for age and cognition, and associations with genetic risk of depression. Methods: Participants were from a population-based older Finnish Twin Cohort study including 71–79-year-olds from the MEMTWIN II (n = 1034 for exploratory and n = 664 for confirmatory factor analyses) and 90+ year-olds from the NONAGINTA (n = 134, confirmatory factor analyses) sub-studies. Associations of polygenic risk score of major depressive disorder (MDD-PRS) with CES-D scales were examined in MEMTWIN II. Results: Exploratory factor analyses (n = 1034) suggested four- (CES-D 20) and three-factor (CES-D 8) structures and these models fit well in confirmatory analyses (n = 664). Unidimensional models had good (CES-D 15 & 20) or fair fit (CES-D 8). Results supported scalar invariance of all CES-D versions for age and cognitive status. Higher MDD-PRS was associated with more depressive symptoms in different CES-D versions. Conclusions: Different CES-D versions are adequate for measuring depressive symptoms across age groups and cognitive spectrum in old age. Genetic risk of depression predicts depressive symptoms even in old age.

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  • Toni T Saari & Maarit Piirtola & Aino Aaltonen & Teemu Palviainen & Anni Varjonen & Valtteri Julkunen & Juha O Rinne & Jaakko Kaprio & Eero Vuoksimaa, 2024. "Measurement invariance of the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression scale and associations with genetic risk in older adults," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 19(10), pages 1-15, October.
    • Handle: RePEc:plo:pone00:0312194
    DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0312194
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. William Meredith, 1993. "Measurement invariance, factor analysis and factorial invariance," Psychometrika, Springer;The Psychometric Society, vol. 58(4), pages 525-543, December.
    2. Hao Wu & Ryne Estabrook, 2016. "Identification of Confirmatory Factor Analysis Models of Different Levels of Invariance for Ordered Categorical Outcomes," Psychometrika, Springer;The Psychometric Society, vol. 81(4), pages 1014-1045, December.
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