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Health facilities readiness for standard precautions to infection prevention and control in Nepal: A secondary analysis of Nepal Health Facility Survey 2021

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  • Bikram Adhikari
  • Ishwar Tiwari
  • Sulata Karki
  • Achyut Raj Pandey
  • Saugat Pratap K. C.
  • Bipul Lamichhane
  • Shreeman Sharma
  • Suprich Sapkota
  • Bishnu Prasad Dulal
  • Ghanshyam Gautam
  • Deepak Joshi
  • Enrique Castro-Sánchez
  • Shyam Sundar Budhathoki
  • Sushil Chandra Baral

Abstract

Background: Improvements in standard precaution related to infection prevention and control (IPC) at the national and local-level health facilities (HFs) are critical to ensuring patient’s safety, preventing healthcare-associated infections (HAIs), mitigating Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR), protecting health workers, and improving trust in HFs. This study aimed to assess HF’s readiness to implement standard precautions for IPC in Nepal. Methods: This study conducted a secondary analysis of the nationally-representative Nepal Health Facility Survey (NHFS) 2021 data and used the Service Availability and Readiness Assessment (SARA) Manual from the World Health Organization (WHO) to examine the HF’s readiness to implement standard precautions for IPC. The readiness score for IPC was calculated for eight service delivery domains based on the availability of eight tracer items: guidelines for standard precautions, latex gloves, soap and running water or alcohol-based hand rub, single use of standard disposal or auto-disable syringes, disinfectant, safe final disposal of sharps, safe final disposal of infectious wastes, and appropriate storage of infectious waste. We used simple and multiple linear regression and quantile regression models to examine the association of HF’s readiness with their characteristics. Results were presented as beta (β) coefficients and 95% confidence interval (95% CI). Results: The overall readiness scores of all HFs, federal/provincial hospitals, local HFs, and private hospitals were 59.9±15.6, 67.1±14.4, 59.6±15.6, and 62.6±15.5, respectively. Across all eight health service delivery domains, the HFs’ readiness for tuberculosis services was the lowest (57.8±20.0) and highest for delivery and newborn care services (67.1±15.6). The HFs performing quality assurance activities (β = 3.68; 95%CI: 1.84, 5.51), reviewing clients’ opinions (β = 6.66; 95%CI: 2.54, 10.77), and HFs with a monthly meeting (β = 3.28; 95%CI: 1.08, 5.49) had higher readiness scores. The HFs from Bagmati, Gandaki, Lumbini, Karnali and Sudurpaschim had readiness scores higher by 7.80 (95%CI: 5.24, 10.36), 7.73 (95%CI: 4.83, 10.62), 4.76 (95%CI: 2.00, 7.52), 9.40 (95%CI: 6.11, 12.68), and 3.77 (95%CI: 0.81, 6.74) compared to Koshi. Conclusion: The readiness of HFs to implement standard precautions was higher in HFs with quality assurance activities, monthly HF meetings, and mechanisms for reviewing clients’ opinions. Emphasizing quality assurance activities, implementing client feedback mechanisms, and promoting effective management practices in HFs with poor readiness can help to enhance IPC efforts.

Suggested Citation

  • Bikram Adhikari & Ishwar Tiwari & Sulata Karki & Achyut Raj Pandey & Saugat Pratap K. C. & Bipul Lamichhane & Shreeman Sharma & Suprich Sapkota & Bishnu Prasad Dulal & Ghanshyam Gautam & Deepak Joshi , 2024. "Health facilities readiness for standard precautions to infection prevention and control in Nepal: A secondary analysis of Nepal Health Facility Survey 2021," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 19(7), pages 1-14, July.
    • Handle: RePEc:plo:pone00:0307589
    DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0307589
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    1. Ron Johnston & Kelvyn Jones & David Manley, 2018. "Confounding and collinearity in regression analysis: a cautionary tale and an alternative procedure, illustrated by studies of British voting behaviour," Quality & Quantity: International Journal of Methodology, Springer, vol. 52(4), pages 1957-1976, July.
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