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Geographic Variation of Overweight and Obesity among Women in Nigeria: A Case for Nutritional Transition in Sub-Saharan Africa

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  • Ngianga-Bakwin Kandala
  • Saverio Stranges

Abstract

Background: Nutritional research in sub-Saharan Africa has primarily focused on under-nutrition. However, there is evidence of an ongoing nutritional transition in these settings. This study aimed to examine the geographic variation of overweight and obesity prevalence at the state-level among women in Nigeria, while accounting for individual-level risk factors. Methods: The analysis was based on the 2008 Nigerian Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS), including 27,967 women aged 15–49 years. Individual data were collected on socio-demographics, but were aggregated to the country's states. We used a Bayesian geo-additive mixed model to map the geographic distribution of overweight and obesity at the state-level, accounting for individual-level risk factors. Results: The overall prevalence of combined overweight and obesity (body mass index ≥25) was 20.9%. In multivariate Bayesian geo-additive models, higher education [odds ratio (OR) & 95% Credible Region (CR): 1.68 (1.38, 2.00)], higher wealth index [3.45 (2.98, 4.05)], living in urban settings [1.24 (1.14, 1.36)] and increasing age were all significantly associated with a higher prevalence of overweight/obesity. There was also a striking variation in overweight/obesity prevalence across ethnic groups and state of residence, the highest being in Cross River State, in south-eastern Nigeria [2.32 (1.62, 3.40)], the lowest in Osun State in south-western Nigeria [0.48 (0.36, 0.61)]. Conclusions: This study suggests distinct geographic patterns in the combined prevalence of overweight and obesity among Nigerian women, as well as the role of demographic, socio-economic and environmental factors in the ongoing nutritional transition in these settings.

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  • Ngianga-Bakwin Kandala & Saverio Stranges, 2014. "Geographic Variation of Overweight and Obesity among Women in Nigeria: A Case for Nutritional Transition in Sub-Saharan Africa," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 9(6), pages 1-11, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:plo:pone00:0101103
    DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101103
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Ngianga-Bakwin Kandala & Gebrenegus Ghilagaber, 2006. "A Geo-Additive Bayesian Discrete-Time Survival Model and its Application to Spatial Analysis of Childhood Mortality in Malawi," Quality & Quantity: International Journal of Methodology, Springer, vol. 40(6), pages 935-957, December.
    2. Ludwig Fahrmeir & Stefan Lang, 2001. "Bayesian inference for generalized additive mixed models based on Markov random field priors," Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series C, Royal Statistical Society, vol. 50(2), pages 201-220.
    3. Joshua A. Salomon & Christopher J. L. Murray, 2002. "The Epidemiologic Transition Revisited: Compositional Models for Causes of Death by Age and Sex," Population and Development Review, The Population Council, Inc., vol. 28(2), pages 205-228, June.
    4. Barry M. Popkin, 2003. "The Nutrition Transition in the Developing World," Development Policy Review, Overseas Development Institute, vol. 21(5-6), pages 581-597, December.
    5. Colin D Mathers & Dejan Loncar, 2006. "Projections of Global Mortality and Burden of Disease from 2002 to 2030," PLOS Medicine, Public Library of Science, vol. 3(11), pages 1-20, November.
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    1. Daniel A. Mekonnen & Laura Trijsburg & Thom Achterbosch & Inge D. Brouwer & Gina Kennedy & Vincent Linderhof & Ruerd Ruben & Elise F. Talsma, 2021. "Food consumption patterns, nutrient adequacy, and the food systems in Nigeria," Agricultural and Food Economics, Springer;Italian Society of Agricultural Economics (SIDEA), vol. 9(1), pages 1-21, December.
    2. Sally Sonia Simmons & John Elvis Hagan & Thomas Schack, 2022. "Then and Now: Investigating Anthropometrics and Child Mortality among Females in Malawi," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(10), pages 1-17, May.
    3. Ala’a Alkerwi & Illiasse El Bahi & Saverio Stranges & Jean Beissel & Charles Delagardelle & Stephanie Noppe & Ngianga-Bakwin Kandala, 2017. "Geographic Variations in Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Luxembourg," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 14(6), pages 1-13, June.
    4. Samuel Manda & Ndamonaonghenda Haushona & Robert Bergquist, 2020. "A Scoping Review of Spatial Analysis Approaches Using Health Survey Data in Sub-Saharan Africa," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(9), pages 1-20, April.
    5. Osayomi Tolulope & Orhiere Maryanne A., 2017. "Small-area variations in overweight and obesity in an urban area of Nigeria: The role of fast food outlets," Bulletin of Geography. Socio-economic Series, Sciendo, vol. 38(38), pages 93-108, December.
    6. Saad Siddiqui & Ngianga-Bakwin Kandala & Saverio Stranges, 2015. "Urbanisation and geographic variation of overweight and obesity in India: a cross-sectional analysis of the Indian Demographic Health Survey 2005–2006," International Journal of Public Health, Springer;Swiss School of Public Health (SSPH+), vol. 60(6), pages 717-726, September.
    7. Peter Congdon, 2019. "Obesity and Urban Environments," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(3), pages 1-6, February.
    8. Eva Goetjes & Milena Pavlova & Charles Hongoro & Wim Groot, 2021. "Socioeconomic Inequalities and Obesity in South Africa—A Decomposition Analysis," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(17), pages 1-13, August.
    9. Hanen Samouda & Maria Ruiz-Castell & Valery Bocquet & Andrea Kuemmerle & Anna Chioti & Frédéric Dadoun & Ngianga-Bakwin Kandala & Saverio Stranges, 2018. "Geographical variation of overweight, obesity and related risk factors: Findings from the European Health Examination Survey in Luxembourg, 2013-2015," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 13(6), pages 1-23, June.
    10. Sinikiwe Mhlanga & Takshita Sookan, 2018. "Body Composition, Chronic Disease Risk and Physical Activity Levels of Urban and Rural Women in Selected Zimbabwean Communities," Global Journal of Health Science, Canadian Center of Science and Education, vol. 10(10), pages 166-166, October.

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