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Dietary Patterns and Depressive Symptoms over Time: Examining the Relationships with Socioeconomic Position, Health Behaviours and Cardiovascular Risk

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  • Felice N Jacka
  • Nicolas Cherbuin
  • Kaarin J Anstey
  • Peter Butterworth

Abstract

Introduction: Recent research suggests that diet quality influences depression risk; however, a lack of experimental evidence leaves open the possibility that residual confounding explains the observed relationships. The aim of this study was to document the cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between dietary patterns and symptoms of depression and to undertake a detailed examination of potential explanatory factors, particularly socioeconomic circumstances, in the diet-depression relationship. Methods: Data were drawn from the Personality and Total Health (PATH) Through Life Study, a longitudinal community study following three age cohorts (20+; 40+; 60+yrs) from south-eastern Australia over three assessment periods (n = 3663). Regression analyses evaluated the cross-sectional and longitudinal relationships between dietary patterns, depressive symptoms, age, detailed measures of socioeconomic circumstances, other health behaviours, and cardiovascular risk factors. Results: The lowest tertile of prudent (healthy) dietary pattern and the highest tertile of western (unhealthy) dietary pattern were associated with an increased likelihood of depressive symptoms. However, these contemporaneous associations were explained by adjustment for detailed measures of socioeconomic circumstances and physical activity. In prospective analyses, lower scores on the healthy dietary pattern and higher scores on the unhealthy dietary pattern independently predicted increased depressive symptoms across time, before and after adjustment for potential confounders and baseline depressive symptoms, but only for those in the oldest cohort. Dietary patterns did not explain the relationship between socioeconomic position and depressive symptoms. Conclusion: The results of this study confirm that the relationship between habitual dietary intake and depressive symptoms is somewhat explained by socioeconomic circumstances and other health behaviours, but suggest that long term exposure to unhealthy dietary habits independently predisposes to depression over the lifecourse.

Suggested Citation

  • Felice N Jacka & Nicolas Cherbuin & Kaarin J Anstey & Peter Butterworth, 2014. "Dietary Patterns and Depressive Symptoms over Time: Examining the Relationships with Socioeconomic Position, Health Behaviours and Cardiovascular Risk," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 9(1), pages 1-9, January.
    • Handle: RePEc:plo:pone00:0087657
    DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087657
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Felice N Jacka & Peter J Kremer & Michael Berk & Andrea M de Silva-Sanigorski & Marjorie Moodie & Eva R Leslie & Julie A Pasco & Boyd A Swinburn, 2011. "A Prospective Study of Diet Quality and Mental Health in Adolescents," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 6(9), pages 1-7, September.
    2. Butterworth, Peter & Rodgers, Bryan & Windsor, Tim D., 2009. "Financial hardship, socio-economic position and depression: Results from the PATH Through Life Survey," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 69(2), pages 229-237, July.
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    1. Ramya Walsan & Darren J Mayne & Xiaoqi Feng & Nagesh Pai & Andrew Bonney, 2019. "Examining the Association between Neighbourhood Socioeconomic Disadvantage and Type 2 Diabetes Comorbidity in Serious Mental Illness," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(20), pages 1-9, October.
    2. Joanna F Dipnall & Julie A Pasco & Michael Berk & Lana J Williams & Seetal Dodd & Felice N Jacka & Denny Meyer, 2016. "Into the Bowels of Depression: Unravelling Medical Symptoms Associated with Depression by Applying Machine-Learning Techniques to a Community Based Population Sample," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 11(12), pages 1-19, December.
    3. Wei Liang & Yanping Duan & Borui Shang & Chun Hu & Julien Steven Baker & Zhihua Lin & Jiali He & Yanping Wang, 2021. "Precautionary Behavior and Depression in Older Adults during the COVID-19 Pandemic: An Online Cross-Sectional Study in Hubei, China," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(4), pages 1-13, February.
    4. Megan C. Whatnall & Amanda J. Patterson & Yu Yao Siew & Frances Kay-Lambkin & Melinda J. Hutchesson, 2019. "Are Psychological Distress and Resilience Associated with Dietary Intake Among Australian University Students?," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(21), pages 1-15, October.

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