Managing Social and Environmental Disclosure Under Pressure: Distortions and Legitimacy Risks

Sustainability disclosure has become a central component of corporate governance, yet it remains an area marked by ambiguity, uneven standards and growing institutional pressure. Firms are increasingly required to provide information that is complete, credible and defensible, but internal capabilities often lag behind expanding regulatory and stakeholder expectations. This misalignment creates a structural tension in which sustainability disclosure becomes a strategic act shaped by uncertainty, managerial interpretation and institutional dynamics. Drawing on institutional theory, legitimacy theory and research on corporate transparency, this article develops a conceptual framework to explain why and when organizations distort sustainability disclosure through overstatement or understatement. The analysis identifies three structural drivers of distortion¡ªregulatory uncertainty, heterogeneous stakeholder scrutiny and gaps in internal reporting capabilities¡ªand examines how managerial sensemaking influences whether disclosure is interpreted as an opportunity or a risk. The European Union serves as an illustrative case to show how dense and evolving regulation can heighten, rather than reduce, interpretive ambiguity. By offering a clearer understanding of the mechanisms behind sustainability disclosure distortion, the article contributes to strategic management research in two ways. First, it clarifies the institutional and organizational dynamics that shape sustainability reporting. Second, it identifies the conditions under which firms are more likely to produce balanced, credible and auditable sustainability disclosure. In a context where the demand for transparency is rising, understanding these dynamics is essential for sustaining legitimacy and improving the quality of sustainability information.