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Is Out of Sight, Out of Mind? An Empirical Study of Social Loafing in Technology-Supported Groups

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  • Laku Chidambaram

    (Michael F. Price College of Business, University of Oklahoma, 307 West Brooks, Suite 30, Norman, Oklahoma 73019)

  • Lai Lai Tung

    (Nanyang Business School, Nanyang Technological University, Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798)

Abstract

Research on group behavior has identified social loafing, i.e., the tendency of members to do less than their potential, as a particularly serious problem plaguing groups. Social Impact Theory (SIT) helps explain social loafing in terms of two theoretical dimensions—the dilution effect (where an individual feels submerged in the group) and the immediacy gap (where an individual feels isolated from the group). In this study, which employed a controlled experiment, we investigated these dimensions of social loafing in the context of group decision making, using collocated and distributed teams of varying sizes. Our results—in line with SIT—indicate that small groups, signifying a small dilution effect, had increased individual contributions and better group outcomes compared to their larger counterparts. However, support for SIT's arguments about the immediacy gap was mixed: Members contributed visibly more when they were collocated, but no significant differences in group outcomes were evident. Regardless of dimension, the quality of the input (ideas generated) determined the quality of the output (decisions made). Also, contrary to the literature on brainstorming, having more ideas to work with resulted in poorer-quality decisions. This apparent paradox is explained using the notion of integrative complexity, which challenges conventional wisdom regarding the relationship between individual inputs and group outputs. The implications of these results for practice and research are examined.

Suggested Citation

  • Laku Chidambaram & Lai Lai Tung, 2005. "Is Out of Sight, Out of Mind? An Empirical Study of Social Loafing in Technology-Supported Groups," Information Systems Research, INFORMS, vol. 16(2), pages 149-168, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:inm:orisre:v:16:y:2005:i:2:p:149-168
    DOI: 10.1287/isre.1050.0051
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    10. Mesmer-Magnus, Jessica R. & DeChurch, Leslie A. & Jimenez-Rodriguez, Miliani & Wildman, Jessica & Shuffler, Marissa, 2011. "A meta-analytic investigation of virtuality and information sharing in teams," Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, Elsevier, vol. 115(2), pages 214-225, July.
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    15. Bryant, Stephanie M. & Albring, Susan M. & Murthy, Uday, 2009. "The effects of reward structure, media richness and gender on virtual teams," International Journal of Accounting Information Systems, Elsevier, vol. 10(4), pages 190-213.
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    19. Donati, Simone & Zappalà, Salvatore & González-Romá, Vicente, 2020. "The double-edge sword effect of interorganizational trust on involvement in interorganizational networks: The mediator role of affective commitment," European Management Journal, Elsevier, vol. 38(4), pages 613-622.
    20. Craig Galbraith & Alex DeNoble & Sanford Ehrlich & Jessica Mesmer-Magnus, 2010. "Review panel consensus and post-decision commercial performance: a study of early stage technologies," The Journal of Technology Transfer, Springer, vol. 35(2), pages 253-281, April.
    21. Kamarul Ahmad, 2010. "An Investigation of Objective Person-Environment Fit: The Dark Side of Intelligence," International Journal of Psychological Studies, Canadian Center of Science and Education, vol. 2(2), pages 1-81, December.
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