IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jsusta/v17y2025i8p3420-d1632930.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

The Analysis of Exhaust Composition Serves as the Foundation of Sustainable Road Transport Development in the Context of Meeting Emission Standards

Author

Listed:
  • Anna Kochanek

    (Faculty Engineering, State University of Applied Sciences in Nowy Sącz, 33-300 Nowy Sącz, Poland)

  • Józef Janczura

    (Motor Vehicle Expert, Technical Services, Czerniec 180, 33-390 Łącko, Poland)

  • Sławomir Jurkowski

    (Faculty Engineering, State University of Applied Sciences in Nowy Sącz, 33-300 Nowy Sącz, Poland)

  • Tomasz Zacłona

    (Faculty of Economic Sciences, State University of Applied Sciences in Nowy Sącz, 33-300 Nowy Sącz, Poland)

  • Anna Gronba-Chyła

    (Faculty of Natural and Technical Sciences, John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Konstantynów 1 H, 20-708 Lublin, Poland)

  • Paweł Kwaśnicki

    (Faculty of Natural and Technical Sciences, John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Konstantynów 1 H, 20-708 Lublin, Poland)

Abstract

The main objective of the research presented in this article was to analyze the composition of exhaust gases from passenger cars undergoing periodic inspections and to determine the influence of vehicle age, mileage and the applicable EURO emission standard on the level of emissions of individual components of exhaust gases and thus on the environment. The research was carried out at the District Vehicle Inspection Station in Nowy Sącz, using methods for analyzing the composition of exhaust gases and smoke opacity. The results obtained make it possible to assess whether exhaust emission diagnostics can form the basis for the implementation of a sustainable road transport policy. The study showed that older vehicles emit higher concentrations of carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbons (HC), and diesel cars manufactured before 2010 are characterized by increased smoke opacity. A reliable analysis of the emissions performance of vehicles on the road enables more effective measures to be taken to reduce emissions and improve air quality through regulation, the introduction of clean traffic zones and raising environmental awareness among drivers. This is especially important in regions with specific geographical conditions, such as the Nowy Sącz district, where the terrain—Nowy Sącz is located in a basin surrounded by mountain ranges—favors the accumulation of pollutants and hinders the natural air circulation, leading to the long-term persistence of smog.

Suggested Citation

  • Anna Kochanek & Józef Janczura & Sławomir Jurkowski & Tomasz Zacłona & Anna Gronba-Chyła & Paweł Kwaśnicki, 2025. "The Analysis of Exhaust Composition Serves as the Foundation of Sustainable Road Transport Development in the Context of Meeting Emission Standards," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 17(8), pages 1-20, April.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:17:y:2025:i:8:p:3420-:d:1632930
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/17/8/3420/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/17/8/3420/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Edyta Bombiak & Anna Marciniuk-Kluska, 2019. "Socially Responsible Human Resource Management as a Concept of Fostering Sustainable Organization-Building: Experiences of Young Polish Companies," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(4), pages 1-28, February.
    2. Fabian Arun Panaite & Cosmin Rus & Monica Leba & Andreea Cristina Ionica & Michael Windisch, 2024. "Enhancing Air-Quality Predictions on University Campuses: A Machine-Learning Approach to PM2.5 Forecasting at the University of Petroșani," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 16(17), pages 1-20, September.
    3. Paweł Kwaśnicki & Dariusz Augustowski & Agnieszka Generowicz & Anna Kochanek, 2024. "Influence of Ti Layers on the Efficiency of Solar Cells and the Reduction of Heat Transfer in Building-Integrated Photovoltaics," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(21), pages 1-13, October.
    4. Józef Ciuła & Iwona Wiewiórska & Marian Banaś & Tadeusz Pająk & Piotr Szewczyk, 2023. "Balance and Energy Use of Biogas in Poland: Prospects and Directions of Development for the Circular Economy," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(9), pages 1-12, May.
    5. Anna Kochanek & Józef Ciuła & Agnieszka Generowicz & Olena Mitryasova & Aleksandra Jasińska & Sławomir Jurkowski & Paweł Kwaśnicki, 2024. "The Analysis of Geospatial Factors Necessary for the Planning, Design, and Construction of Agricultural Biogas Plants in the Context of Sustainable Development," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(22), pages 1-23, November.
    6. Agata Jaroń & Anna Borucka, 2024. "Spatiotemporal Changes in Air Pollution within the Studied Road Segment," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 16(17), pages 1-15, August.
    7. Edgars Sedovs & Tatjana Volkova, 2024. "Sustainability: Is It a Strategic Management Research Fashion?," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 16(17), pages 1-24, August.
    8. Aminu Babangida & Péter Tamás Szemes, 2024. "Dynamic Modeling and Control Strategy Optimization of a Volkswagen Crafter Hybrid Electrified Powertrain," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(18), pages 1-38, September.
    9. Aleksandra Gulc & Klaudia Budna, 2024. "Classification of Smart and Sustainable Urban Mobility," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(9), pages 1-18, April.
    10. Elena Cizmaș & Emőke-Szidónia Feder & Mădălina-Dumitrița Maticiuc & Silvia Vlad-Anghel, 2020. "Team Management, Diversity, and Performance as Key Influencing Factors of Organizational Sustainable Performance," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(18), pages 1-33, September.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Ciuła, Józef & Generowicz, Agnieszka & Gronba-Chyła, Anna & Kwaśnicki, Paweł & Makara, Agnieszka & Kowalski, Zygmunt & Wiewiórska, Iwona, 2024. "Energy production from landfill gas, emissions and pollution indicators–Opportunities and barriers to implementing circular economy," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 308(C).
    2. Dharm Dev Bhatta & Muddassar Sarfraz & Larisa Ivascu & Marius Pislaru, 2023. "The Nexus of Corporate Affinity for Technology and Firm Sustainable Performance in the Era of Digitalization: A Mediated Model," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(12), pages 1-20, June.
    3. Nagamani Subramanian & M. Suresh, 2022. "Social Sustainability Factors Influencing the Implementation of Sustainable HRM in Manufacturing SMEs," Humanistic Management Journal, Springer, vol. 7(3), pages 469-507, December.
    4. Afshin Omidi & Cinzia Dal Zotto, 2022. "Socially Responsible Human Resource Management: A Systematic Literature Review and Research Agenda," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(4), pages 1-20, February.
    5. Krzysztof Pytel & Roman Filipek & Adam Kalwar & Małgorzata Piaskowska-Silarska & Wiktor Hudy & Jana Depešová & Franciszek Kurdziel, 2025. "Proactive Maintenance and Data-Driven Optimization of Mineral Lubricating Oil in a Gas Engine Cogeneration System Extending Oil Change Intervals for Cost Savings and a Reduced Environmental Footprint," Energies, MDPI, vol. 18(1), pages 1-30, January.
    6. repec:igg:jdwm00:v:21:y:2025:i:1:p:1-15 is not listed on IDEAS
    7. Hongdan Zhao & Qiongyao Zhou & Peixu He & Cuiling Jiang, 2021. "How and When Does Socially Responsible HRM Affect Employees’ Organizational Citizenship Behaviors Toward the Environment?," Journal of Business Ethics, Springer, vol. 169(2), pages 371-385, March.
    8. Safaa Shaaban, 2021. "The Impact of Responsible Leadership (RL) on Responsible Employee (RE): The Mediating Role of Sustainable Leadership (SL)," International Journal of Business and Management, Canadian Center of Science and Education, vol. 15(9), pages 1-75, July.
    9. Anna Gronba-Chyła & Agnieszka Generowicz & Paweł Kwaśnicki & Anna Kochanek, 2025. "Recovery and Recycling of Selected Waste Fractions with a Grain Size Below 10 mm," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 17(4), pages 1-15, February.
    10. Grzegorz Przydatek & Agnieszka Generowicz & Włodzimierz Kanownik, 2024. "Evaluation of the Activity of a Municipal Waste Landfill Site in the Operational and Non-Operational Sectors Based on Landfill Gas Productivity," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(10), pages 1-16, May.
    11. Dariusz Bradło & Witold Żukowski & Jan Porzuczek & Małgorzata Olek & Gabriela Berkowicz-Płatek, 2025. "Towards Net Zero in Poland: A Novel Approach to Power Grid Balance with Centralized Hydrogen Production Units," Energies, MDPI, vol. 18(7), pages 1-24, March.
    12. Mateusz Nowak & Wiktor Bojarski & Wojciech Czekała, 2024. "Economic and Energy Efficiency Analysis of the Biogas Plant Digestate Management Methods," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(12), pages 1-19, June.
    13. Krzysztof Pilarski & Agnieszka A. Pilarska & Alicja Kolasa-Więcek & Dariusz Suszanowicz, 2023. "An Agricultural Biogas Plant as a Thermodynamic System: A Study of Efficiency in the Transformation from Primary to Secondary Energy," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(21), pages 1-15, November.
    14. Elena Cizmas & Alina Elena Blehuiu & Madalina Dumitrita Maticiuc, 2022. "Is Intercultural Competence A Determining Factor Of Work Performance?," Annals - Economy Series, Constantin Brancusi University, Faculty of Economics, vol. 4, pages 82-92, August.
    15. Józef Ciuła & Elżbieta Sobiecka & Tomasz Zacłona & Paulina Rydwańska & Aneta Oleksy-Gębczyk & Tomasz P. Olejnik & Sławomir Jurkowski, 2024. "Management of the Municipal Waste Stream: Waste into Energy in the Context of a Circular Economy—Economic and Technological Aspects for a Selected Region in Poland," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 16(15), pages 1-25, July.
    16. Fernando Gimeno-Arias & José Manuel Santos-Jaén & Mercedes Palacios-Manzano & Héctor Horacio Garza-Sánchez, 2021. "Using PLS-SEM to Analyze the Effect of CSR on Corporate Performance: The Mediating Role of Human Resources Management and Customer Satisfaction. An Empirical Study in the Spanish Food and Beverage Man," Mathematics, MDPI, vol. 9(22), pages 1-21, November.
    17. Solomia ANDRES & Suzana DEMYEN, 2020. "Ensuring A Positive Organizational Climate €“ A Mandatory Performance Criterion," Proceedings of the INTERNATIONAL MANAGEMENT CONFERENCE, Faculty of Management, Academy of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania, vol. 14(1), pages 731-743, November.
    18. Baruk Agnieszka Izabela, 2019. "Reasons of Polish young potential employees’ interest In a university as the employer vr perceiving its employees," Marketing of Scientific and Research Organizations, Sciendo, vol. 33(3), pages 27-51, September.
    19. Annibal Scavarda & Gláucya Daú & Luiz Felipe Scavarda & Rodrigo Goyannes Gusmão Caiado, 2019. "An Analysis of the Corporate Social Responsibility and the Industry 4.0 with Focus on the Youth Generation: A Sustainable Human Resource Management Framework," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(18), pages 1-20, September.
    20. Anna Kochanek & Józef Ciuła & Agnieszka Generowicz & Olena Mitryasova & Aleksandra Jasińska & Sławomir Jurkowski & Paweł Kwaśnicki, 2024. "The Analysis of Geospatial Factors Necessary for the Planning, Design, and Construction of Agricultural Biogas Plants in the Context of Sustainable Development," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(22), pages 1-23, November.
    21. Tuyen, Bui Quang & Phuong Anh, Do Vu & Mai, Nguyen Phuong & Long, To Quang, 2023. "Does corporate engagement in social responsibility affect firm innovation? The mediating role of digital transformation," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 84(C), pages 292-303.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:17:y:2025:i:8:p:3420-:d:1632930. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.