IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jsusta/v17y2025i5p1967-d1599388.html

Spatiotemporal Characteristics and Scale Effects of Ecosystem Service Bundles in the Xijiang River Basin: Implications for Territorial Spatial Planning and Sustainable Land Management

Author

Listed:
  • Longjiang Zhang

    (Faculty of Land Resources Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China
    Innovation Team of Natural Resources Spatial Information Integration and Application in Yunnan Universities, Kunming University of Science and Technology Oxbridge College, Kunming 650106, China)

  • Guoping Chen

    (Faculty of Land Resources Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China
    Innovation Team of Natural Resources Spatial Information Integration and Application in Yunnan Universities, Kunming University of Science and Technology Oxbridge College, Kunming 650106, China)

  • Junsan Zhao

    (Faculty of Land Resources Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China
    Innovation Team of Natural Resources Spatial Information Integration and Application in Yunnan Universities, Kunming University of Science and Technology Oxbridge College, Kunming 650106, China)

  • Yilin Lin

    (Faculty of Land Resources Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China
    Innovation Team of Natural Resources Spatial Information Integration and Application in Yunnan Universities, Kunming University of Science and Technology Oxbridge College, Kunming 650106, China)

  • Haibo Yang

    (Faculty of Land Resources Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China
    Innovation Team of Natural Resources Spatial Information Integration and Application in Yunnan Universities, Kunming University of Science and Technology Oxbridge College, Kunming 650106, China
    Institute of Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology Oxbridge College, Kunming 650106, China)

  • Jianhua He

    (School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China)

Abstract

In-depth analysis of the evolution of ecosystem services (ESs) in the basin at different spatial scales, scientific identification of ecosystem service clusters, and revelation of their spatial and temporal characteristics as well as coupling mechanisms of interactions are the key prerequisites for effective implementation of ES management. This paper assessed the spatial and temporal changes of six key ESs covering food provisioning (FP), water yield (WY), soil retention (SR), water conservation (WC), habitat quality (HQ), and carbon sequestration (CS) in the Xijiang River Basin (XRB), China, between 2000 and 2020. Given that the scale effects of ESs and their spatial heterogeneity in the XRB are still subject to large uncertainties, a combination of Spearman correlation analysis and geographically weighted regression (GWR) modelling systematically revealed the trade-offs and synergistic relationships between ESs and the scale effects from a grid, watershed, and county perspective. Additionally, we applied the self-organizing mapping (SOM) method to identify multiple ecosystem service bundles (ESBs) and propose corresponding sustainable spatial planning and management strategies for each cluster. The results reveal the following key findings: (1) Spatial distribution and heterogeneity: The six ESs demonstrated pronounced spatial variability across the study area during the two-decade period from 2000 to 2020. The downstream areas had higher levels of ESs, while the upstream regions showed comparatively lower levels. This trend was particularly evident in areas with extensive arable land, higher population density, and more developed economic activity, where ESs levels were lower. (2) Trade-offs/synergies: The analysis highlighted the prevalence of synergistic effects among ESs, with food provisioning-related services exhibiting notable trade-offs. Trade-off/Synergistic effects were weaker at the grid scale but more pronounced at the sub-basin and county scales, with significant spatial heterogeneity. (3) Identification of ESBs: We identified five distinct ESBs: the HQ-CS synergy bundle (HCSB), the integrated ecological bundle (IEB), the agricultural bundle (AB), the key synergetic bundle lacking HQ (KSB), and the supply service bundle (SSB). These clusters suggest that the overall ecological environment of the study area has significantly improved, the supply functions have strengthened, and ecosystem vulnerability has been effectively mitigated. Building upon the identified multi-scale spatiotemporal heterogeneity patterns of ESBs in the XRB, this study proposes an integrated framework for territorial spatial planning and adaptive land management, aiming to optimize regional ecosystem service provisioning and enhance socio-ecological sustainability.

Suggested Citation

  • Longjiang Zhang & Guoping Chen & Junsan Zhao & Yilin Lin & Haibo Yang & Jianhua He, 2025. "Spatiotemporal Characteristics and Scale Effects of Ecosystem Service Bundles in the Xijiang River Basin: Implications for Territorial Spatial Planning and Sustainable Land Management," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 17(5), pages 1-23, February.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:17:y:2025:i:5:p:1967-:d:1599388
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/17/5/1967/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/17/5/1967/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Yongqi Chen & Wei Liu & Fen Zhao & Qing Zhao & Zhiwei Xu & Michael Asiedu Kumi, 2024. "Multi-Scale Analysis of Ecosystem Service Trade-Offs/Synergies in the Yangtze River Delta," Land, MDPI, vol. 13(9), pages 1-21, September.
    2. Suyan Yi & Hongwei Wang & Ling Xie & Can Wang & Xin Huang, 2024. "Spatio-Temporal Dynamics and Drivers of Ecosystem Service Bundles in the Altay Region: Implications for Sustainable Land Management," Land, MDPI, vol. 13(6), pages 1-16, June.
    3. Mingjun Feng & Kangning Xiong & Yue Chen & Wenfang Zhang & Meirong Xu, 2024. "The Temporal Variation and Spatial Scale Dependence of the Trade-Offs and Synergies among Multiple Ecosystem Services in the World Heritage Site of South China Karst," Land, MDPI, vol. 13(9), pages 1-21, August.
    4. Zhiyin Wang & Jiansheng Cao & Chunyu Zhu & Hui Yang, 2020. "The Impact of Land Use Change on Ecosystem Service Value in the Upstream of Xiong’an New Area," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(14), pages 1-16, July.
    5. Wenhao Cheng & Caihong Ma & Tongsheng Li & Yuanyuan Liu, 2024. "Construction of Ecological Security Patterns and Evaluation of Ecological Network Stability under Multi-Scenario Simulation: A Case Study in Desert–Oasis Area of the Yellow River Basin, China," Land, MDPI, vol. 13(7), pages 1-19, July.
    6. Costanza, Robert & de Groot, Rudolf & Braat, Leon & Kubiszewski, Ida & Fioramonti, Lorenzo & Sutton, Paul & Farber, Steve & Grasso, Monica, 2017. "Twenty years of ecosystem services: How far have we come and how far do we still need to go?," Ecosystem Services, Elsevier, vol. 28(PA), pages 1-16.
    7. Qu, Hongjiao & You, Chang & Wang, Weiyin & Guo, Luo, 2024. "Spatio-temporal interplay between ecosystem services and urbanization in the Yangtze River Economic Belt: A new perspective for considering the scarcity effect," Land Use Policy, Elsevier, vol. 147(C).
    8. Zhang, Xinrong & Wang, Yongsheng & Yuan, Xuefeng & Shao, Yajing & Bai, Yu, 2022. "Identifying ecosystem service supply-demand imbalance for sustainable land management in China’s Loess Plateau," Land Use Policy, Elsevier, vol. 123(C).
    9. Aibo Jin & Gachen Zhang & Ping Ma & Xiangrong Wang, 2024. "Ecosystem Services Trade-Offs in the Chaohu Lake Basin Based on Land-Use Scenario Simulations," Land, MDPI, vol. 13(12), pages 1-29, December.
    10. Kun Li & Mengyuan Zhang & Yilun Li & Xiaoyi Xing & Shuxin Fan & Yu Cao & Li Dong & Desheng Chen, 2020. "Karren Habitat as the Key in Influencing Plant Distribution and Species Diversity in Shilin Geopark, Southwest China," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(14), pages 1-16, July.
    11. A. Stewart Fotheringham & Wenbai Yang & Wei Kang, 2017. "Multiscale Geographically Weighted Regression (MGWR)," Annals of the American Association of Geographers, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 107(6), pages 1247-1265, November.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Yue Li & Shengyan Wan & Jinglan Liu & Lin Qiu, 2025. "Multiscale Approaches to Ecosystem Services in the Urban Agglomeration of the Yangtze River Delta, China: Socio-Ecological Impacts and Support for Urban Sustainability and Precision Management," Land, MDPI, vol. 14(9), pages 1-27, August.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Yuefan Duan & Abudureheman Halike & Jianmei Luo & Kaixuan Yao & Lei Yao & Hua Tang & Buweiayixiemu Tuheti, 2024. "Multi-Scale Supply and Demand Relationships of Ecosystem Services Under Multiple Scenarios and Ecological Zoning to Promote Sustainable Urban Ecological Development in Arid Regions of China," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 16(22), pages 1-21, November.
    2. Luwen Liu & Jiahui Wu & Liyan Yang & Guiling Tang & Wanxu Chen & Haifeng Wu & Yan Chen, 2024. "Conflict or Coordination? Ecosystem Services Supply and Demand in Chinese Urban Agglomerations," Land, MDPI, vol. 13(10), pages 1-18, October.
    3. Quanyi Liu & Binbin Lu & Weikang Lin & Jiansong Li & Yixin Lu & Yansong Duan, 2025. "An Improved Quantitative Analysis Method for the Unequal Supply and Demand of Ecosystem Services and Hierarchical Governance Suggestions," Land, MDPI, vol. 14(3), pages 1-21, March.
    4. Irmadi Nahib & Yudi Wahyudin & Wiwin Ambarwulan & Bono Pranoto & Fadhlullah Ramadhani & Destika Cahyana & Nunung Puji Nugroho & Nawa Suwedi & Jaka Suryanta & Vicca Karolinoerita & Mulyanto Darmawan & , 2025. "Spatial Analysis of Water Conservation and Its Driving Factors in an Urban Citarum Tropical Watershed: Geospatial Approach," Resources, MDPI, vol. 14(5), pages 1-23, May.
    5. Liu Yang & Hongzan Jiao, 2022. "Spatiotemporal Changes in Ecosystem Services Value and Its Driving Factors in the Karst Region of China," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(11), pages 1-21, May.
    6. Banuet-Martinez, M. & Hernandez-Velasco, A.J. & Dominguez-Sanchez, C.A. & Espinosa-Romero, M.J. & Vera-Velazquez, F. & Sandoval-Arauz, S.A. & Vazquez-Murillo, S.C. & Ensenada, S.C.P.P. & Buzos y Pesca, 2025. "“It seems that climate change is already harming us all”: Complex climate change, health, and socio-ecological risks for Mexican fishing communities," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 384(C).
    7. Aryal, Kishor & Maraseni, Tek & Apan, Armando, 2023. "Examining policy−institution−program (PIP) responses against the drivers of ecosystem dynamics. A chronological review (1960–2020) from Nepal," Land Use Policy, Elsevier, vol. 132(C).
    8. Yanzhao Wang & Jianfei Cao, 2023. "Examining the Effects of Socioeconomic Development on Fine Particulate Matter (PM2.5) in China’s Cities Based on Spatial Autocorrelation Analysis and MGWR Model," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(4), pages 1-23, February.
    9. Busch, Christin & Specht, Kathrin & Inostroza, Luis & Falke, Matthias & Zepp, Harald, 2024. "Disentangling cultural ecosystem services co-production in urban green spaces through social media reviews," Ecosystem Services, Elsevier, vol. 70(C).
    10. Shuzhen Song & Xingyan Chen & Yuehua Song & Yongkuan Chi, 2024. "Vegetation Restoration Patterns Influence the Supply and Interrelations of Grassland Ecosystem Services in Karst Desertification Control," Land, MDPI, vol. 13(12), pages 1-16, November.
    11. Shichao Lu & Zhihua Zhang & M. James C. Crabbe & Prin Suntichaikul, 2024. "Effects of Urban Land-Use Planning on Housing Prices in Chiang Mai, Thailand," Land, MDPI, vol. 13(8), pages 1-13, July.
    12. van der Hoff, Richard & Nascimento, Nathália & Fabrício-Neto, Ailton & Jaramillo-Giraldo, Carolina & Ambrosio, Geanderson & Arieira, Julia & Afonso Nobre, Carlos & Rajão, Raoni, 2022. "Policy-oriented ecosystem services research on tropical forests in South America: A systematic literature review," Ecosystem Services, Elsevier, vol. 56(C).
    13. Joel C. Creed & Laura Sol Aranda & Júlia Gomes de Sousa & Caio Barros Brito do Bem & Beatriz Sant’Anna Vasconcelos Marafiga Dutra & Marianna Lanari & Virgínia Eduarda de Sousa & Karine M. Magalhães & , 2023. "A Synthesis of Provision and Impact in Seagrass Ecosystem Services in the Brazilian Southwest Atlantic," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(20), pages 1-19, October.
    14. Yang, Zhiwei & Liu, Han & Chen, Xiaohong & Zhou, Jun & Yuan, Quan, 2025. "Discovering the origins of freight demand: An empirical investigation of spatial heterogeneity in the generation of heavy-duty truck trips," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 164(C), pages 60-79.
    15. Nicolás Ruiz, Néstor & Suárez Alonso, María Luisa & Vidal-Abarca, María Rosario, 2021. "Contributions of dry rivers to human well-being: A global review for future research," Ecosystem Services, Elsevier, vol. 50(C).
    16. Xiaoyu Li & Shudan Gong & Qingdong Shi & Yuan Fang, 2023. "A Review of Ecosystem Services Based on Bibliometric Analysis: Progress, Challenges, and Future Directions," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(23), pages 1-18, November.
    17. Zhuo Li & Jiachen Liu & Rongqiang Ma & Wenhui Xie & Xiaoyu Zhao & Zhaohai Wang & Baolei Zhang & Le Yin, 2024. "Construction of Ecological Security Pattern Based on Ecosystem Services, Sensitivity, Connectivity, and Resistance—A Case Study in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain," Land, MDPI, vol. 13(12), pages 1-18, December.
    18. Dai, Xuhuan & Li, Bo & Zheng, Hua & Yang, Yanzheng & Yang, Zihan & Peng, Chenchen, 2023. "Can sedentarization decrease the dependence of pastoral livelihoods on ecosystem services?," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 203(C).
    19. Caoxin Chen & Shiyi Wang & Meixi Liu & Ke Huang & Qiuyi Guo & Wei Xie & Jiangjun Wan, 2025. "Beyond Linearity: Uncovering the Complex Spatiotemporal Drivers of New-Type Urbanization and Eco-Environmental Resilience Coupling in China’s Chengdu–Chongqing Economic Circle with Machine Learning," Land, MDPI, vol. 14(7), pages 1-29, July.
    20. Wei Jiang & Rainer Marggraf, 2021. "Making Intangibles Tangible: Identifying Manifestations of Cultural Ecosystem Services in a Cultural Landscape," Land, MDPI, vol. 11(1), pages 1-14, December.

    More about this item

    Keywords

    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:17:y:2025:i:5:p:1967-:d:1599388. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.