Multiscale Approaches to Ecosystem Services in the Urban Agglomeration of the Yangtze River Delta, China: Socio-Ecological Impacts and Support for Urban Sustainability and Precision Management

The trade-offs and synergies among ecosystem services can provide clues for understanding the mechanisms of regional ecological evolution. Previous studies have mainly concentrated on administrative divisions to characterize ecosystem services trade-offs and synergies within specific regions. However, ambiguity persists regarding the spatial diversity and scale dependency of regional ecosystem services, along with the degree to which human activity and climatic variation influence the relationships of multiscale ecosystem services. This study focuses on the Yangtze River Delta Urban Agglomeration in China. Based on grid, county-level, and city-level scales, it analyzes five ecosystem services, namely habitat quality, carbon storage, food production, soil conservation, and water yield, from 2000 to 2020. By using correlation analysis and spatial autocorrelation methods, this study explores the intensity of the trade-offs and synergies among ecosystem services and their spatial patterns. Then, combined with the Optimal Parameters-based Geographical Detector, it identifies the dominant driving factors, quantifies their degree of contribution, and reveals the multiscale differentiation of ecosystem service relationships and their causes. The results show that the five ecosystem services all exhibit significant spatiotemporal heterogeneity. At the grid scale, there is a trade-off relationship between food production and the other four services, while a strong synergistic effect exists among the remaining four services. At the county scale, the synergistic association between habitat quality and carbon storage is the most significant, with the highest contributions from the average annual precipitation and average annual temperature ( q -values 0.893 and 0.782, respectively). At the prefecture-level city scale, the intensity of the ecosystem services trade-offs and synergies shows an increasing trend, and the impact of interactions between socio-ecological elements is significantly higher than that at the grid and county scales. This research provides an evidence-based foundation for decision makers to devise suitable strategies that support the coordinated advancement of ecology and the economy across various spatial scales. It is crucial for promoting precise ecosystem regulation and the sustainability of the Yangtze River Delta Urban Agglomeration in China.