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A New Approach Based on Trend Analysis to Estimate Reference Evapotranspiration for Irrigation Planning

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  • Murat Ozocak

    (Irrigation Technology Program, Plant and Animal Production Department, Forestry Vocational School, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Istanbul 34473, Türkiye)

Abstract

Increasing drought conditions at the global level have created concerns about the decrease in water resources. This situation has made the correct planning of irrigation applications the most important situation. Irrigation management in future periods is possible with the correct determination of the reference evapotranspiration (ET 0 ) trend. In the current situation, the trend is usually determined using one or two methods. Failure to conduct a detailed trend analysis results in incorrect irrigation management. With the new approach presented in the research, all of the Mann–Kendall (MK), innovative trend analysis (ITA), Sen’s slope (SS) and Spearman’s rho (SR) tests were used, and the common results of the four tests, namely increase, decrease, and no trend, were taken into account. The ET 0 values calculated in different approaches were focused on temporal and spatial analysis for the future irrigation management of Türkiye with the Blaney–Criddle (BC), Turc (TR), and Coutagne (CT) methods. The future period forecast was made using four different trend analyses with geographical information system (GIS) based spatial applications using 12-month ET 0 data calculated from 59 years of data between 1965 and 2023. Statistical analysis was performed to reveal the relationship between ET 0 calculation methods. The findings showed that although there is a general increasing trend in ET 0 values in the region, this situation is more pronounced, especially in the provinces in the western and central regions. The research results improve the determination of plant water needs for future periods in terms of irrigation management. This new approach, which determines ET 0 trend analysis in the Black Sea region, can be used in regional, national, and international studies by supporting different calculations to be made in order to plan future water management correctly, to reduce the concern of decreasing water resources in drought conditions, and to obtain comprehensive data in order to provide appropriate irrigation.

Suggested Citation

  • Murat Ozocak, 2025. "A New Approach Based on Trend Analysis to Estimate Reference Evapotranspiration for Irrigation Planning," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 17(14), pages 1-27, July.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:17:y:2025:i:14:p:6531-:d:1703459
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Hossein Tabari, 2010. "Evaluation of Reference Crop Evapotranspiration Equations in Various Climates," Water Resources Management: An International Journal, Published for the European Water Resources Association (EWRA), Springer;European Water Resources Association (EWRA), vol. 24(10), pages 2311-2337, August.
    2. Fabio Di Nunno & Marco De Matteo & Giovanni Izzo & Francesco Granata, 2023. "A Combined Clustering and Trends Analysis Approach for Characterizing Reference Evapotranspiration in Veneto," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(14), pages 1-23, July.
    3. Hong Wu & Leen-Kiat Soh & Ashok Samal & Xun-Hong Chen, 2008. "Trend Analysis of Streamflow Drought Events in Nebraska," Water Resources Management: An International Journal, Published for the European Water Resources Association (EWRA), Springer;European Water Resources Association (EWRA), vol. 22(2), pages 145-164, February.
    4. Mojtaba Shadmani & Safar Marofi & Majid Roknian, 2012. "Trend Analysis in Reference Evapotranspiration Using Mann-Kendall and Spearman’s Rho Tests in Arid Regions of Iran," Water Resources Management: An International Journal, Published for the European Water Resources Association (EWRA), Springer;European Water Resources Association (EWRA), vol. 26(1), pages 211-224, January.
    5. Muhammad Shehzad Ashraf & Muhammad Shahid & Muhammad Waseem & Muhammad Azam & Khalil Ur Rahman, 2023. "Assessment of Variability in Hydrological Droughts Using the Improved Innovative Trend Analysis Method," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(11), pages 1-20, June.
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