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Temporal Trends in Biodiversity Intactness Vary with Baseline Levels Across Regions and Climates

Author

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  • Naiyi Liu

    (School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China)

  • Yunhe Wu

    (Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China)

  • Wenbo Li

    (School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China)

  • Zihan Liu

    (School of Artificial Intelligence, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China)

Abstract

Exploring the relationship between the magnitude and temporal trend of the Biodiversity Intactness Index (BII) is critical to assessing current and future changes in biodiversity intactness. However, investigations into the relationship between BII magnitude and trends worldwide have been limited. Using annual BII time series data from 2000 to 2020, we assess the global spatial patterns of BII magnitude and trend, as well as their relationship. Our findings reveal four key insights: First, the global mean BII magnitude exhibits pronounced latitudinal and climatic heterogeneity, with higher values observed in less human-impacted regions. Second, biodiversity trends display contrasting trajectories between areas of differing baseline intactness—regions with initially low biodiversity (BII < 0.50) show recovery potential (−0.007 ± 0.021 decade −1 ), while high-biodiversity areas (BII > 0.90) face accelerated declines (0.002 ± 0.012 decade −1 ). Third, continental and climatic disparities are striking: Europe and temperate zones demonstrate stabilizing trends, whereas tropical and polar regions experience marked deterioration. Fourth, climate variables, particularly precipitation seasonality (BIO15) and mean temperature of the coldest quarter (BIO11), show strong negative correlations with the BII trend, indicating climate-linked declines while exhibiting minimal influence on baseline BII magnitude. This study has the potential to help develop more efficient sustainable practices and behaviors to mitigate biodiversity disparities and achieve sustainable development goals.

Suggested Citation

  • Naiyi Liu & Yunhe Wu & Wenbo Li & Zihan Liu, 2025. "Temporal Trends in Biodiversity Intactness Vary with Baseline Levels Across Regions and Climates," Land, MDPI, vol. 14(6), pages 1-22, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jlands:v:14:y:2025:i:6:p:1224-:d:1673221
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. R. J. Scholes & R. Biggs, 2005. "A biodiversity intactness index," Nature, Nature, vol. 434(7029), pages 45-49, March.
    2. Martin Jung & Pedram Rowhani & Jörn P. W. Scharlemann, 2019. "Impacts of past abrupt land change on local biodiversity globally," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 10(1), pages 1-8, December.
    3. Mojtaba Shadmani & Safar Marofi & Majid Roknian, 2012. "Trend Analysis in Reference Evapotranspiration Using Mann-Kendall and Spearman’s Rho Tests in Arid Regions of Iran," Water Resources Management: An International Journal, Published for the European Water Resources Association (EWRA), Springer;European Water Resources Association (EWRA), vol. 26(1), pages 211-224, January.
    4. Georgina M. Mace, 2005. "An index of intactness," Nature, Nature, vol. 434(7029), pages 32-33, March.
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