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Spatial Impact Dynamics of the “Mountain–City–Sea” Pattern on the Urban Thermal Environment and Adaptive Zoning Regulation

Author

Listed:
  • Lingyi Ouyang

    (School of Landscape Architecture and Art, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350108, China)

  • Hao Guo

    (School of Landscape Architecture and Art, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350108, China)

  • Xiujin Song

    (School of Landscape Architecture and Art, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350108, China)

  • Tingting Hong

    (School of Architecture and Urban-Rural Planning, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China)

Abstract

Optimizing urban patterns is increasingly recognized as an effective technological strategy to mitigate the urban heat island (UHI) effect. Taking Xiamen City as a case study, this research extracts and quantifies city spatial characteristics from multiple data sources. Key factors influencing the urban thermal environment were integrated into three primary urban pattern elements: Mountain, City, and Sea. The spatial autocorrelation and heterogeneous impacts of these urban pattern elements on the thermal environment were analyzed using Moran’s I and Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) modeling, followed by impact-based zoning using K-means clustering algorithms. The results revealed a significant positive correlation between Mountain and City elements and the thermal environment, whereas Sea elements exhibited a notable cooling effect. Furthermore, each factor demonstrated significant spatial heterogeneity. Based on local GWR regression coefficients and spatial variations in factor intensity and directionality, Xiamen was partitioned into four distinct regulatory zones: City-dominated zones, Sea-dominated zones, Mountain–Sea co-dominated zones, and Comprehensive transitional zones influenced by Mountain–City–Sea interactions. Customized, spatially targeted regulatory strategies were subsequently proposed for each zone. This study provides an innovative methodological framework for targeted, region-specific policy interventions to alleviate urban thermal stress under climate change, thereby contributing to the optimization of future urban planning and promoting sustainable and adaptive development.

Suggested Citation

  • Lingyi Ouyang & Hao Guo & Xiujin Song & Tingting Hong, 2025. "Spatial Impact Dynamics of the “Mountain–City–Sea” Pattern on the Urban Thermal Environment and Adaptive Zoning Regulation," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 17(10), pages 1-25, May.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:17:y:2025:i:10:p:4459-:d:1655492
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Lei Zhao & Xuhui Lee & Ronald B. Smith & Keith Oleson, 2014. "Strong contributions of local background climate to urban heat islands," Nature, Nature, vol. 511(7508), pages 216-219, July.
    2. Tianhai Zhang & Greg Foliente & Jiangtao Xiao & Lina Tang, 2025. "Exploring the Driving Factors of Land Use Change and Spatial Distribution in Coastal Cities: A Case Study of Xiamen City," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 17(3), pages 1-19, January.
    3. Keer Zhang & Chang Cao & Haoran Chu & Lei Zhao & Jiayu Zhao & Xuhui Lee, 2023. "Increased heat risk in wet climate induced by urban humid heat," Nature, Nature, vol. 617(7962), pages 738-742, May.
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