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Preparation of High-Belite Calcium Sulfoaluminate Cement and Calcium Sulfoaluminate Cement from Industrial Solid Waste: A Review

Author

Listed:
  • Huaiqin Liu

    (Department of Civil Engineering, School of Civil Engineering and Geomatics, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China
    These authors contributed equally to this work.)

  • Chengjian Liu

    (School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100020, China
    These authors contributed equally to this work.)

  • Jing Wu

    (Department of Physical Education, Institute of Sports Education, Qilu Normal University, Jinan 250199, China)

  • Yanjiao Gao

    (Department of Civil Engineering, School of Civil Engineering and Geomatics, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China)

  • Jianwen Shao

    (School of Hydraulic and Civil Engineering, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China)

  • Chenxia Wang

    (Department of Architectural Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, 7 Alding Street, Baotou 014020, China)

  • Tian Su

    (Department of Civil Engineering, School of Civil Engineering and Geomatics, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China
    Department of Architectural Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Wuhan University, 8 Donghu South Road, Wuhan 430072, China
    Department of Engineering and Management, International College, Krirk University, No. 3 Soi Ramintra 1, Ramintra Road, Anusaowaree, Bangkhen, Bangkok 10220, Thailand)

  • Fubo Cao

    (Department of Architectural Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, 7 Alding Street, Baotou 014020, China)

  • Weishen Zhang

    (Department of Civil Engineering, School of Civil Engineering and Geomatics, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China)

  • Qifan Yang

    (Department of Civil Engineering, School of Civil Engineering and Geomatics, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China)

  • Yutong Li

    (Department of Civil Engineering, School of Civil Engineering and Geomatics, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China)

Abstract

To address the high carbon emissions and resource dependency associated with conventional ordinary Portland cement (OPC) production, this study systematically investigated the preparation processes, hydration mechanisms, and chemical properties of high-belite calcium sulfoaluminate (HBCSA) and calcium sulfoaluminate (CSA) cements based from industrial solid wastes. The results demonstrate that substituting natural raw materials (e.g., limestone and gypsum) with industrial solid wastes—including fly ash, phosphogypsum, steel slag, and red mud—not only reduces raw material costs but also mitigates land occupation and pollution caused by waste accumulation. Under optimized calcination regimes, clinkers containing key mineral phases (C 4 A 3 S − and C 2 S) were successfully synthesized. Hydration products, such as ettringite (AFt), aluminum hydroxide (AH 3 ), and C-S-H gel, were identified, where AFt crystals form a three-dimensional framework through disordered growth, whereas AH 3 and C-S-H fill the matrix to create a dense interfacial transition zone (ITZ), thereby increasing the mechanical strength. The incorporation of steel slag and granulated blast furnace slag was found to increase the setting time, with low reactivity contributing to reduced strength development in the hardened paste. In contrast, Solid-waste gypsum did not significantly differ from natural gypsum in stabilizing ettringite (AFt). Furthermore, this study clarified key roles of components in HBCSA/CSA systems; Fe 2 O 3 serves as a flux but substitutes some Al 2 O 3 , reducing C 4 A 3 S − content. CaSO 4 retards hydration while stabilizing strength via sustained AFt formation. CaCO 3 provides nucleation sites and CaO but risks AFt expansion, degrading strength. These insights enable optimized clinker designs balancing reactivity, stability, and strength.

Suggested Citation

  • Huaiqin Liu & Chengjian Liu & Jing Wu & Yanjiao Gao & Jianwen Shao & Chenxia Wang & Tian Su & Fubo Cao & Weishen Zhang & Qifan Yang & Yutong Li, 2025. "Preparation of High-Belite Calcium Sulfoaluminate Cement and Calcium Sulfoaluminate Cement from Industrial Solid Waste: A Review," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 17(10), pages 1-37, May.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:17:y:2025:i:10:p:4269-:d:1651657
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Xu, Haoyuan & Chen, Gengxuan & Sarwar, Bilal & Shahzad, Imran, 2024. "Sustainable development and mineral resource extraction in China: Exploring the role of mineral resources, energy efficiency and renewable energy," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 90(C).
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    3. Gong, Xuzhong & Zhang, Tong & Zhang, Junqiang & Wang, Zhi & Liu, Junhao & Cao, Jianwei & Wang, Chuan, 2022. "Recycling and utilization of calcium carbide slag - current status and new opportunities," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 159(C).
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