IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jsusta/v16y2024i14p6180-d1438797.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Sustainable Growth in the Telecom Industry through Hybrid Renewable Energy Integration: A Technical, Energy, Economic and Environmental (3E) Analysis

Author

Listed:
  • Muhammad Bilal Ali

    (U.S.-Pakistan Center for Advanced Studies in Energy (USPCAS-E), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan)

  • Abdullah Altamimi

    (Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, Majmaah University, Al-Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia
    Engineering and Applied Science Research Center, Majmaah University, Al-Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia)

  • Syed Ali Abbas Kazmi

    (U.S.-Pakistan Center for Advanced Studies in Energy (USPCAS-E), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan)

  • Zafar A. Khan

    (Department of Electrical Engineering, Mirpur University of Science and Technology, Mirpur A.K. 10250, Pakistan)

  • Saeed Alyami

    (Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, Majmaah University, Al-Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia)

Abstract

In response to escalating concerns about climate change, there is a growing imperative to prioritize the decarbonization of the telecom sector and effectively reduce its carbon emissions. This study presents a thorough techno-economic optimization framework for implementing renewable-dominated hybrid standalone systems for the base transceiver station (BTS) encapsulation telecom sector in Pakistan. It is noted that from the results obtained from 42 BTS sites overall, 21 BTS sites had a feasible combination of a photovoltaic battery system, having a diesel generator as a backup source with an average LCOE of 0.1246 USD/kWh to 0.2325 USD/kWh. Thus, seven BTS sites had an optimal combination of biomass, with photovoltaic and battery storage systems and with a varied LCOE of 0.1175 USD/kWh to 0.1318 USD/kWh. Moreover, due to the high flow of hydro water in the north region, five BTS sites presented an ideal configuration of a hydro system coupled with a photovoltaic, wind, and battery storage system, with a varied LCOE of 0.04547 USD/kWh to 0.07419 USD/kWh. Wind energy systems are dominant in the southern region; therefore, five BTS sites presented an ideal combination of a wind energy system coupled with a photovoltaic battery storage system, having DGs as backup sources for sustainability and with a varied LCOE of 0.1096 USD/kWh to 0.1294 USD/kWh. In addition, 02 BTSs had an optimal combination of photovoltaic systems coupled with hydro and wind systems, with diesel generators having a varied LCOE of 0.07618 USD/kWh to 0.04575 USD/kWh. The remaining 02 BTS sites had a feasible combination of wind–hydro-battery and diesel generator–photovoltaic–hydro-battery systems, with an LCOE of 0.7035 USD/kWh and 0.1073 USD/kWh, respectively. Finally, an environmental analysis based on carbon emissions, as well as sensitivity analyses based on different uncertainties, i.e., wind speed, solar irradiance, inflation rate, discount rate, and load demand, was performed to evaluate the behavior of the proposed systems. The optimization of these systems and comparative study findings indicate that the hybrid BTS system is the best option, better than conventional diesel-operated BTS systems in terms of cost-effectiveness, environmental friendliness, and sustainability.

Suggested Citation

  • Muhammad Bilal Ali & Abdullah Altamimi & Syed Ali Abbas Kazmi & Zafar A. Khan & Saeed Alyami, 2024. "Sustainable Growth in the Telecom Industry through Hybrid Renewable Energy Integration: A Technical, Energy, Economic and Environmental (3E) Analysis," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 16(14), pages 1-42, July.
  • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:16:y:2024:i:14:p:6180-:d:1438797
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/16/14/6180/pdf
    Download Restriction: no

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/16/14/6180/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Ali, Fahad & Ahmar, Muhammad & Jiang, Yuexiang & AlAhmad, Mohammad, 2021. "A techno-economic assessment of hybrid energy systems in rural Pakistan," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 215(PA).
    2. Amara, Sihem & Toumi, Sana & Salah, Chokri Ben & Saidi, Abdelaziz Salah, 2021. "Improvement of techno-economic optimal sizing of a hybrid off-grid micro-grid system," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 233(C).
    3. Montuori, Lina & Alcázar-Ortega, Manuel & Álvarez-Bel, Carlos & Domijan, Alex, 2014. "Integration of renewable energy in microgrids coordinated with demand response resources: Economic evaluation of a biomass gasification plant by Homer Simulator," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 132(C), pages 15-22.
    4. Javed, Muhammad Shahzad & Song, Aotian & Ma, Tao, 2019. "Techno-economic assessment of a stand-alone hybrid solar-wind-battery system for a remote island using genetic algorithm," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 176(C), pages 704-717.
    5. Muhammad Bilal Ali & Syed Ali Abbas Kazmi & Zafar A. Khan & Abdullah Altamimi & Mohammed A. Alghassab & Bader Alojaiman, 2022. "Voltage Profile Improvement by Integrating Renewable Resources with Utility Grid," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(22), pages 1-24, November.
    6. Mayer, Martin János & Szilágyi, Artúr & Gróf, Gyula, 2020. "Environmental and economic multi-objective optimization of a household level hybrid renewable energy system by genetic algorithm," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 269(C).
    7. Sawle, Yashwant & Gupta, S.C. & Bohre, Aashish Kumar, 2018. "Socio-techno-economic design of hybrid renewable energy system using optimization techniques," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 119(C), pages 459-472.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Olubayo Babatunde & Oluwaseye Adedoja & Oluwaseun Oyebode & Uthman Abiola Kareem & Damilola Babatunde & Toyosi Adedoja & Busola Akintayo & Michael Emezirinwune & Desmond Eseoghene Ighravwe & Olufemi O, 2025. "Techno-Economic Optimization and Assessment of Solar Photovoltaic–Battery–Hydrogen Energy Systems with Solar Tracking for Powering ICT Facility," Resources, MDPI, vol. 14(5), pages 1-28, April.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Javed, Muhammad Shahzad & Ma, Tao & Jurasz, Jakub & Canales, Fausto A. & Lin, Shaoquan & Ahmed, Salman & Zhang, Yijie, 2021. "Economic analysis and optimization of a renewable energy based power supply system with different energy storages for a remote island," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 164(C), pages 1376-1394.
    2. Muhammad Bilal Ali & Syed Ali Abbas Kazmi & Abdullah Altamimi & Zafar A. Khan & Mohammed A. Alghassab, 2023. "Decarbonizing Telecommunication Sector: Techno-Economic Assessment and Optimization of PV Integration in Base Transceiver Stations in Telecom Sector Spreading across Various Geographically Regions," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(9), pages 1-34, April.
    3. Abdullah Al Abri & Abdullah Al Kaaf & Musaab Allouyahi & Ali Al Wahaibi & Razzaqul Ahshan & Rashid S. Al Abri & Ahmed Al Abri, 2022. "Techno-Economic and Environmental Analysis of Renewable Mix Hybrid Energy System for Sustainable Electrification of Al-Dhafrat Rural Area in Oman," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(1), pages 1-23, December.
    4. Thirunavukkarasu, M. & Sawle, Yashwant & Lala, Himadri, 2023. "A comprehensive review on optimization of hybrid renewable energy systems using various optimization techniques," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 176(C).
    5. Myada Shadoul & Rashid Al Abri & Hassan Yousef & Abdullah Al Shereiqi, 2024. "Designing a Dispatch Engine for Hybrid Renewable Power Stations Using a Mixed-Integer Linear Programming Technique," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(13), pages 1-27, July.
    6. Adoum Abdoulaye, Mahamat & Waita, Sebastian & Wabuge Wekesa, Cyrus & Mwabora, Julius Mwakondo, 2024. "Optimal sizing of an off-grid and grid-connected hybrid photovoltaic-wind system with battery and fuel cell storage system: A techno-economic, environmental, and social assessment," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 365(C).
    7. Zhang, Yijie & Ma, Tao & Yang, Hongxing, 2022. "Grid-connected photovoltaic battery systems: A comprehensive review and perspectives," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 328(C).
    8. Hassan, Rakibul & Das, Barun K. & Hasan, Mahmudul, 2022. "Integrated off-grid hybrid renewable energy system optimization based on economic, environmental, and social indicators for sustainable development," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 250(C).
    9. Elizabeth Oses Amuta & Wara Samuel Tita & Agbetuyi Ayoade Felix & Orovwode Hope Evwieroghene & Matthew Simeon & Tobi Somefun, 2022. "Microgrid System Evaluation Using Capacity Factor For an Off-grid Community in Nigeria," International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, Econjournals, vol. 12(2), pages 181-187, March.
    10. Jurasz, Jakub & Guezgouz, Mohammed & Campana, Pietro E. & Kies, Alexander, 2022. "On the impact of load profile data on the optimization results of off-grid energy systems," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 159(C).
    11. Das, Sayan & Dutta, Risav & De, Souvanik & De, Sudipta, 2024. "Review of multi-criteria decision-making for sustainable decentralized hybrid energy systems," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 202(C).
    12. Maheri, Alireza & Unsal, Ibrahim & Mahian, Omid, 2022. "Multiobjective optimisation of hybrid wind-PV-battery-fuel cell-electrolyser-diesel systems: An integrated configuration-size formulation approach," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 241(C).
    13. Ullah, Zia & Elkadeem, M.R. & Kotb, Kotb M. & Taha, Ibrahim B.M. & Wang, Shaorong, 2021. "Multi-criteria decision-making model for optimal planning of on/off grid hybrid solar, wind, hydro, biomass clean electricity supply," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 179(C), pages 885-910.
    14. Jann Michael Weinand & Maximilian Hoffmann & Jan Gopfert & Tom Terlouw & Julian Schonau & Patrick Kuckertz & Russell McKenna & Leander Kotzur & Jochen Lin{ss}en & Detlef Stolten, 2022. "Global LCOEs of decentralized off-grid renewable energy systems," Papers 2212.12742, arXiv.org, revised Mar 2023.
    15. Aili Amupolo & Sofia Nambundunga & Daniel S. P. Chowdhury & Gunnar Grün, 2022. "Techno-Economic Feasibility of Off-Grid Renewable Energy Electrification Schemes: A Case Study of an Informal Settlement in Namibia," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(12), pages 1-32, June.
    16. Javed, Muhammad Shahzad & Zhong, Dan & Ma, Tao & Song, Aotian & Ahmed, Salman, 2020. "Hybrid pumped hydro and battery storage for renewable energy based power supply system," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 257(C).
    17. Pang, Yi & Pan, Lei & Zhang, Jingmei & Chen, Jianwei & Dong, Yan & Sun, Hexu, 2022. "Integrated sizing and scheduling of an off-grid integrated energy system for an isolated renewable energy hydrogen refueling station," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 323(C).
    18. Abdullah Altamimi & Muhammad Bilal Ali & Syed Ali Abbas Kazmi & Zafar A. Khan, 2024. "Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning Optimization Framework for On-Grid Electric Vehicle Charging from Base Transceiver Stations Using Renewable Energy and Storage Systems," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(14), pages 1-33, July.
    19. Yiqi Dong & Zuoji Dong, 2023. "Bibliometric Analysis of Game Theory on Energy and Natural Resource," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(2), pages 1-19, January.
    20. Benedek Kiss & Jose Dinis Silvestre & Rita Andrade Santos & Zsuzsa Szalay, 2021. "Environmental and Economic Optimisation of Buildings in Portugal and Hungary," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(24), pages 1-19, December.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:16:y:2024:i:14:p:6180-:d:1438797. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.