Optimization of Signal Timing for the Contraflow Left-Turn Lane at Signalized Intersections Based on Delay Analysis

The exit-lanes for a left-turn (EFL) is an unconventional method of organizing traffic for left-turns at signalized intersections. In this paper, we propose a nonlinear optimization model to minimize delay by establishing a delay-time diagram for the left-turn traffic when the left-turn traffic is non-oversaturated, considering the relationship between the pre-signal start node of the exit-lanes for a left-turn and the queuing dissipation time of left-turn vehicles. Model validation is performed with example calculations to compare and analyze each operating index and fleet type after signal timing optimization of intersection lane borrowing left-turn lanes. The results show that compared with the conventional left-turn lane, the average delay of vehicles operating with the model decreased by 15.7%, exhaust emission decreased by 11.4%, and capacity increased by 65.7%. The model can support EFL pre-signal design, where signal control is related to queue dissipation time. In practice, a well-designed pre-signal control scheme based on traffic volume can improve capacity and reduce emissions while minimizing average vehicle delays.