IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jsusta/v15y2023i13p9884-d1176126.html

Jet Flame Risk Analysis for Safe Response to Hydrogen Vehicle Accidents

Author

Listed:
  • Byoungjik Park

    (Hydrogen-Infrastructure Research Cluster, Korea Institute of Civil Engineering and Building Technology, Goyang-si 18544, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea)

  • Yangkyun Kim

    (Hydrogen-Infrastructure Research Cluster, Korea Institute of Civil Engineering and Building Technology, Goyang-si 18544, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea)

  • Jin Ouk Park

    (Hydrogen-Infrastructure Research Cluster, Korea Institute of Civil Engineering and Building Technology, Goyang-si 18544, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea)

  • Ohk Kun Lim

    (Department of Police Science, Dong-A University, Busan-si 49236, Republic of Korea)

Abstract

With an increase in the use of eco-friendly vehicles such as hybrid, electric, and hydrogen vehicles in response to the global climate crisis, accidents related to these vehicles have also increased. Numerical analysis was performed to optimize the safety of first responders responding to hydrogen vehicle accidents wherein hydrogen jet flames occur. The influence range of the jet flame generated through a 1.8-mm-diameter nozzle was analyzed based on five discharge angles (90, 75, 60, 45, and 30°) between the road surface and the downward vertical. As the discharge angle decreases toward the road surface, the risk area that could cause damage moves from the center of the vehicle to the rear; at a discharge angle of 90°, the range above 9.5 kW/m 2 was 1.59 m and 4.09 m to the front and rear of the vehicle, respectively. However, at a discharge angle of 30°, it was not generated at the front but was 10.39 m to the rear. In response to a hydrogen vehicle accident, first responders should perform rescue activities approaching from a diagonal direction to the vehicle front to minimize injury risk. This study can be used in future hydrogen vehicle design to develop the response strategy of the first responders.

Suggested Citation

  • Byoungjik Park & Yangkyun Kim & Jin Ouk Park & Ohk Kun Lim, 2023. "Jet Flame Risk Analysis for Safe Response to Hydrogen Vehicle Accidents," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(13), pages 1-13, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:15:y:2023:i:13:p:9884-:d:1176126
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/15/13/9884/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/15/13/9884/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Remzi Can Samsun & Michael Rex & Laurent Antoni & Detlef Stolten, 2022. "Deployment of Fuel Cell Vehicles and Hydrogen Refueling Station Infrastructure: A Global Overview and Perspectives," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(14), pages 1-34, July.
    2. Ossi Heino & Annina Takala & Pirjo Jukarainen & Joanna Kalalahti & Tuula Kekki & Pekka Verho, 2019. "Critical Infrastructures: The Operational Environment in Cases of Severe Disruption," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(3), pages 1-18, February.
    3. Chi Wing To & Wan Ki Chow & Fang Ming Cheng, 2021. "Simulation of Possible Fire and Explosion Hazards of Clean Fuel Vehicles in Garages," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(22), pages 1-15, November.
    4. Ossi Heino & Joanna Kalalahti, 2021. "Securing Operational Capability for Exceptional Circumstances: How Do Professional First Responders Respond to the Unexpected?," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(11), pages 1-15, June.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Matteo Genovese & David Blekhman & Michael Dray & Francesco Piraino & Petronilla Fragiacomo, 2023. "Experimental Comparison of Hydrogen Refueling with Directly Pressurized vs. Cascade Method," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(15), pages 1-14, August.
    2. Vijai Kaarthi Visvanathan & Karthikeyan Palaniswamy & Dineshkumar Ponnaiyan & Mathan Chandran & Thanarajan Kumaresan & Jegathishkumar Ramasamy & Senthilarasu Sundaram, 2023. "Fuel Cell Products for Sustainable Transportation and Stationary Power Generation: Review on Market Perspective," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(6), pages 1-21, March.
    3. Dinh, Quang Vu & Dinh, Van Nguyen & Leahy, Paul G., 2025. "A diffusion model approach to forecast multi-sector demand growth for green hydrogen generated from offshore wind power," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 223(C).
    4. Olga Bucovetchi & Alexandru Georgescu & Dorel Badea & Radu D. Stanciu, 2019. "Agent-Based Modeling (ABM): Support for Emphasizing the Air Transport Infrastructure Dependence of Space Systems," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(19), pages 1-18, September.
    5. Ján Horváth & Janka Szemesová, 2023. "Is a Carbon-Neutral Pathway in Road Transport Possible? A Case Study from Slovakia," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(16), pages 1-18, August.
    6. Kavousighahfarokhi, Arash & Hannan, M.A. & Abu, Sayem M. & Ker, Pin Jern & Wong, Richard TK. & Jang, Gilsoo, 2025. "Grid-integrated electric vehicle charging station technologies and data dissemination through internet of energy use," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 220(C).
    7. Fitri Adi Iskandarianto & Djatmiko Ichsani & Fadlilatul Taufany, 2025. "Thermal and Fluid Flow Performance Optimization of a Multi-Fin Multi-Channel Cooling System for PEMFC Using CFD and Experimental Validation," Energies, MDPI, vol. 18(19), pages 1-21, September.
    8. Jiang, Zewei & Hou, Zhuoran & Chu, Liang & Zhao, Di & Jiang, Jingjing & Yang, Jun & Zhang, Yuanjian, 2025. "An explicit predictive controller for fuel-cell electric vehicles incorporating the hierarchical architecture," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 383(C).
    9. Omer Faruk Noyan & Muhammad Mahmudul Hasan & Nezih Pala, 2023. "A Global Review of the Hydrogen Energy Eco-System," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(3), pages 1-22, February.
    10. Matteo Genovese & Viviana Cigolotti & Elio Jannelli & Petronilla Fragiacomo, 2023. "Hydrogen Refueling Process: Theory, Modeling, and In-Force Applications," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(6), pages 1-31, March.
    11. Moon, Sungho & Kim, Kyungah & Seung, Hyunchan & Kim, Junghun, 2022. "Strategic analysis on effects of technologies, government policies, and consumer perceptions on diffusion of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 115(C).
    12. Piras, M. & De Bellis, V. & Malfi, E. & Novella, R. & Lopez-Juarez, M., 2024. "Hydrogen consumption and durability assessment of fuel cell vehicles in realistic driving," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 358(C).
    13. Min Liu & Leiqi Zhang & Qiliang Wu & Yunpeng Zhang & Jiaxin Zhang & Xuefang Li & Qingxin Ba, 2023. "The Effect of Explosions on the Protective Wall of a Containerized Hydrogen Fuel Cell System," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(11), pages 1-14, June.
    14. Zhou, Jun & Du, Penghua & Liang, Guangchuan & Chang, Heng & Zhu, Jiaxing, 2025. "Highway hydrogen refueling station siting considering hydrogen sources, transportation and station type," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 247(C).
    15. Spenser Robinson, 2025. "Urban Climate Integration Framework (UCIF): A Multi-Scale, Phased Model," Land, MDPI, vol. 14(10), pages 1-22, October.
    16. Ghaithan, Ahmed M., 2024. "Multi-objective model for designing hydrogen refueling station powered using on-grid photovoltaic-wind system," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 312(C).
    17. Handayani, Warsini & Zhu, Xuan & Cooke, Fang Lee, 2026. "Hydrogen demand estimation for sustainable transport: A comprehensive review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 225(C).
    18. Sayarshad, Hamid R., 2025. "Coordinated routing, charging, and power grid for electric and hydrogen vehicles with renewable energy integration," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 243(C).
    19. R. Cantelmi & G. Di Gravio & R. Patriarca, 2021. "Reviewing qualitative research approaches in the context of critical infrastructure resilience," Environment Systems and Decisions, Springer, vol. 41(3), pages 341-376, September.
    20. Anton Manakhov & Maxim Orlov & Mustafa Babiker & Abdulaziz S. Al-Qasim, 2022. "A Perspective on Decarbonizing Mobility: An All-Electrification vs. an All-Hydrogenization Venue," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(15), pages 1-13, July.

    More about this item

    Keywords

    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:15:y:2023:i:13:p:9884-:d:1176126. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.