IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jsusta/v14y2022i7p3742-d776976.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

CO 2 Emissions Induced by Vehicles Cruising for Empty Parking Spaces in an Open Parking Lot

Author

Listed:
  • Vijay Paidi

    (Department of Computer and Information Management, School of Information and Engineering, Dalarna University, 78170 Borlänge, Sweden)

  • Johan Håkansson

    (Department of Computer and Information Management, School of Information and Engineering, Dalarna University, 78170 Borlänge, Sweden)

  • Hasan Fleyeh

    (Department of Computer and Information Management, School of Information and Engineering, Dalarna University, 78170 Borlänge, Sweden)

  • Roger G. Nyberg

    (Department of Computer and Information Management, School of Information and Engineering, Dalarna University, 78170 Borlänge, Sweden)

Abstract

Parking lots are places of high air pollution as numerous vehicles cruise to find vacant parking places. Open parking lots receive high vehicle traffic, and when limited empty spaces are available it leads to problems, such as congestion, pollution, and driver frustration. Due to lack of return on investment, open parking lots are little studied, and there is a research gap in understanding the magnitude of CO 2 emissions and cruising observed at open parking lots. Thus, this paper aims to estimate CO 2 emissions and cruising distances observed at an open parking lot. A thermal camera was utilized to collect videos during peak and non-peak hours. The resulting videos were utilized to collect cruising trajectories of drivers searching for empty parking spaces. These trajectories were analyzed to identify optimal and non-optimal cruising, time to park, and walking distances of drivers. A new CO 2 model was proposed to estimate emissions in smaller geographical regions, such as open parking lots. The majority of drivers tend to choose parking spaces near a shopping center, and they prefer to cruise non-optimal distances to find an empty parking space near the shopping center. The observed mean non-optimal cruising distance is 2.7 times higher than the mean optimal cruising distance. Excess CO 2 emissions and non-optimal cruising were mainly observed during visitor peak hours when there were limited or no empty parking spaces. During visitor peak hours, several vehicles could not find an empty parking space in the region of interest, which also leads to excess cruising.

Suggested Citation

  • Vijay Paidi & Johan Håkansson & Hasan Fleyeh & Roger G. Nyberg, 2022. "CO 2 Emissions Induced by Vehicles Cruising for Empty Parking Spaces in an Open Parking Lot," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(7), pages 1-18, March.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:14:y:2022:i:7:p:3742-:d:776976
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/14/7/3742/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/14/7/3742/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. repec:cdl:uctcwp:qt55s7079f is not listed on IDEAS
    2. repec:ucp:bkecon:9781884829987 is not listed on IDEAS
    3. Shoup, Donald C., 2006. "Cruising for parking," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 13(6), pages 479-486, November.
    4. Stead, D., 1999. "Relationships between transport emissions and travel patterns in Britain," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 6(4), pages 247-258, October.
    5. Jia, Tao & Carling, Kenneth & Håkansson, Johan, 2013. "Trips and their CO2 emissions to and from a shopping center," Journal of Transport Geography, Elsevier, vol. 33(C), pages 135-145.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Kinga Szopińska & Agnieszka Cienciała & Agnieszka Bieda & Janusz Kwiecień & Łukasz Kulesza & Piotr Parzych, 2022. "Verification of the Perception of the Local Community concerning Air Quality Using ADMS-Roads Modeling," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(17), pages 1-28, September.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Zhao, Pengxiang & Kwan, Mei-Po & Qin, Kun, 2017. "Uncovering the spatiotemporal patterns of CO2 emissions by taxis based on Individuals' daily travel," Journal of Transport Geography, Elsevier, vol. 62(C), pages 122-135.
    2. Jia, Tao & Håkansson, Johan, 2016. "To what extent are CO2 emissions from intra-urban shopping trips by cars affected by drivers’ travel behaviour and store location?," HUI Working Papers 117, HUI Research.
    3. Xiaoyun Zhao & Kenneth Carling & Johan Håkansson, 2017. "Residential planning, driver mobility and CO emission: a microscopic look at Borlänge in Sweden," European Planning Studies, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 25(9), pages 1597-1614, September.
    4. Simona Mikšíková & David Ulčák & František Kuda, 2022. "Analysis of Malfunctions in Selected Parking Systems in the Czech Republic," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(3), pages 1-10, February.
    5. Wang, Rui & Yuan, Quan, 2013. "Parking practices and policies under rapid motorization: The case of China," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 30(C), pages 109-116.
    6. Francis Ostermeijer & Hans RA Koster & Leonardo Nunes & Jos van Ommeren, 2021. "Citywide parking policy and traffic: Evidence from Amsterdam," Tinbergen Institute Discussion Papers 21-015/VIII, Tinbergen Institute.
    7. Abhishek, & Legros, Benjamin & Fransoo, Jan C., 2021. "Performance evaluation of stochastic systems with dedicated delivery bays and general on-street parking," Other publications TiSEM 09ed9572-d59c-4f28-a9c4-b, Tilburg University, School of Economics and Management.
    8. Ostermeijer, Francis & Koster, Hans & Nunes, Leonardo & van Ommeren, Jos, 2022. "Citywide parking policy and traffic: Evidence from Amsterdam," Journal of Urban Economics, Elsevier, vol. 128(C).
    9. Groote, Jesper De & Ommeren, Jos Van & Koster, Hans R.A., 2016. "Car ownership and residential parking subsidies: Evidence from Amsterdam," Economics of Transportation, Elsevier, vol. 6(C), pages 25-37.
    10. Feng, Jianghong & Xu, Su Xiu & Xu, Gangyan & Cheng, Huibing, 2022. "An integrated decision-making method for locating parking centers of recyclable waste transportation vehicles," Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Elsevier, vol. 157(C).
    11. Ottosson, Dadi Baldur & Chen, Cynthia & Wang, Tingting & Lin, Haiyun, 2013. "The sensitivity of on-street parking demand in response to price changes: A case study in Seattle, WA," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 25(C), pages 222-232.
    12. Milosavljević, Nada & Simićević, Jelena, 2016. "User response to parking policy change: A comparison of stated and revealed preference data," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 46(C), pages 40-45.
    13. Wang, Pengfei & Guan, Hongzhi & Liu, Peng, 2020. "Modeling and solving the optimal allocation-pricing of public parking resources problem in urban-scale network," Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, Elsevier, vol. 137(C), pages 74-98.
    14. Virginia Petraki & Panagiotis Papantoniou & Asimina Korentzelou & George Yannis, 2022. "Public Acceptability of Environmentally Linked Congestion and Parking Charging Policies in Greek Urban Centers," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(15), pages 1-15, July.
    15. Fu, Yulan & Wang, Chenlan & Liu, Tian-Liang & Huang, Hai-Jun, 2021. "Parking management in the morning commute problem with ridesharing," Research in Transportation Economics, Elsevier, vol. 90(C).
    16. Jing Li & Pingyu Zhang & Kevin Lo & Meng Guo & Mark Wang, 2015. "Reducing Carbon Emissions from Shopping Trips: Evidence from China," Energies, MDPI, vol. 8(9), pages 1-15, September.
    17. Leclercq, Ludovic & Sénécat, Alméria & Mariotte, Guilhem, 2017. "Dynamic macroscopic simulation of on-street parking search: A trip-based approach," Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, Elsevier, vol. 101(C), pages 268-282.
    18. Määttä-Juntunen, Heidi & Antikainen, Harri & Kotavaara, Ossi & Rusanen, Jarmo, 2011. "Using GIS tools to estimate CO2 emissions related to the accessibility of large retail stores in the Oulu region, Finland," Journal of Transport Geography, Elsevier, vol. 19(2), pages 346-354.
    19. Ismael, Abdelrahman & Holguín-Veras, José, 2025. "Optimal parking allocation for heterogeneous vehicle types," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 192(C).
    20. Changzheng Yuan & Yangbo Sun & Jun Lv & Anne C. Lusk, 2017. "Cycle Tracks and Parking Environments in China: Learning from College Students at Peking University," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 14(8), pages 1-14, August.

    More about this item

    Keywords

    ;
    ;
    ;

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:14:y:2022:i:7:p:3742-:d:776976. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.