IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jsusta/v14y2022i20p13441-d946244.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Incidence of Heavy Metals in the Application of Fertilizers to Crops (Wheat and Rice), a Fish (Common carp) Pond and a Human Health Risk Assessment

Author

Listed:
  • Saira Naz

    (Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Lahore Sargodha Campus, Sargodha 40100, Pakistan)

  • Francesco Fazio

    (Department of Veterinary Sciences, Polo Universitario Annunziata, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy)

  • Syed Sikandar Habib

    (Department of Zoology, University of Sargodha, Sargodha 40100, Pakistan)

  • Ghazala Nawaz

    (Department of Botany, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat 26000, Pakistan)

  • Sobia Attaullah

    (Department of Zoology, Islamia College University, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan)

  • Mujeeb Ullah

    (Department of Zoology, Islamia College University, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan)

  • Adil Hayat

    (Department of Zoology, Wildlife and Fisheries, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan)

  • Imtiaz Ahmed

    (Department of Zoology, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar 190006, India)

Abstract

Though manure has been used for centuries to enhance soil fertility and final agricultural yield, the overuse of fertilizers on the land can cause serious pollution issues, such as heavy metals and eutrophication, that can further lead to health problems. The current study aimed to assess the heavy metals in the most consumed crops (wheat and rice) and fish (common carp) and their risk to human health. Results revealed that there was an irregular trend of heavy metals in different sites of the study area; however, the general trend that was observed during the current research work was Pb>Cr>Cd>Mn in soil samples and crops, while in the case of fish muscle, the trend was Cr>Pb>Cd>Mn. Furthermore, after health index analysis, it was revealed that in some of the sites, the hazard index (HI) was above 1. Principal component analysis suggests a strong positive correlation of the heavy metals from the soil and water to the crops and fish muscles, respectively. Cd was highly bioaccumulated in the crops and fish muscles from different sites. There was an unusual increase in the metal concentration in the samples from the Sargodha. This result suggests a rapid increase in the metal concentration within the agricultural land and its products that can put human health at risk of developing multiple diseases related to the heavy metals, as indicated by the HI values. It is highly recommended that fertilizers should be used carefully so that human populations and animals can safely consume heavy-metal-free food.

Suggested Citation

  • Saira Naz & Francesco Fazio & Syed Sikandar Habib & Ghazala Nawaz & Sobia Attaullah & Mujeeb Ullah & Adil Hayat & Imtiaz Ahmed, 2022. "Incidence of Heavy Metals in the Application of Fertilizers to Crops (Wheat and Rice), a Fish (Common carp) Pond and a Human Health Risk Assessment," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(20), pages 1-15, October.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:14:y:2022:i:20:p:13441-:d:946244
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/14/20/13441/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/14/20/13441/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Chen, Fu & Ma, Jing & Akhtar, Shahzad & Khan, Zafar Iqbal & Ahmad, Kafeel & Ashfaq, Asma & Nawaz, Hummera & Nadeem, Muhammad, 2022. "Assessment of chromium toxicity and potential health implications of agriculturally diversely irrigated food crops in the semi-arid regions of South Asia," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 272(C).
    2. Farah Tariq & Xiukang Wang & Muhammad Hamzah Saleem & Zafar Iqbal Khan & Kafeel Ahmad & Ifra Saleem Malik & Mudasra Munir & Shehzadi Mahpara & Naunain Mehmood & Tasneem Ahmad & Hafsa Memona & Ilker Ug, 2021. "Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Basmati Rice: Implications for Public Health," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(15), pages 1-13, July.
    3. Milena Andjelkovic & Aleksandra Buha Djordjevic & Evica Antonijevic & Biljana Antonijevic & Momcilo Stanic & Jelena Kotur-Stevuljevic & Vesna Spasojevic-Kalimanovska & Milos Jovanovic & Novica Boricic, 2019. "Toxic Effect of Acute Cadmium and Lead Exposure in Rat Blood, Liver, and Kidney," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(2), pages 1-21, January.
    4. Binggan Wei & Jiangping Yu & Zhiqiang Cao & Min Meng & Linsheng Yang & Qing Chen, 2020. "The Availability and Accumulation of Heavy Metals in Greenhouse Soils Associated with Intensive Fertilizer Application," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(15), pages 1-13, July.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Teresa Rodríguez-Espinosa & Jose Navarro-Pedreño & Ignacio Gómez Lucas & María Belén Almendro Candel & Ana Pérez Gimeno & Manuel Jordán Vidal & Iliana Papamichael & Antonis A. Zorpas, 2022. "Environmental Risk from Organic Residues," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(1), pages 1-12, December.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Maria Ghazzal & Muhammad Iftikhar Hussain & Zafar Iqbal Khan & M. Habib ur Rahman & Abeer A. El-Habeeb & Hsi-Hsien Yang, 2022. "Chromium Poisoning in Buffaloes in the Vicinity of Contaminated Pastureland, Punjab, Pakistan," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(22), pages 1-17, November.
    2. Nudrat Aisha Akram & Muhammad Hamzah Saleem & Sidra Shafiq & Hira Naz & Muhammad Farid-ul-Haq & Baber Ali & Fahad Shafiq & Muhammad Iqbal & Mariusz Jaremko & Kamal Ahmad Qureshi, 2022. "Phytoextracts as Crop Biostimulants and Natural Protective Agents—A Critical Review," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(21), pages 1-17, November.
    3. Yuhui Zhang & Xiaohong Chen & Ling Xie, 2023. "Pleurotus pulmonarius Strain: Arsenic(III)/Cadmium(II) Accumulation, Tolerance, and Simulation Application in Environmental Remediation," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(6), pages 1-12, March.
    4. Muhammad Tansar Abbas & Mohammad Ahmad Wadaan & Hidayat Ullah & Muhammad Farooq & Fozia Fozia & Ijaz Ahmad & Muhammad Farooq Khan & Almohannad Baabbad & Zia Ullah, 2023. "Bioaccumulation and Mobility of Heavy Metals in the Soil-Plant System and Health Risk Assessment of Vegetables Irrigated by Wastewater," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(21), pages 1-19, October.
    5. Cheng Han & Jilong Lu & Shengbo Chen & Xitong Xu & Zibo Wang & Zheng Pei & Yu Zhang & Fengxuan Li, 2021. "Estimation of Heavy Metal(Loid) Contents in Agricultural Soil of the Suzi River Basin Using Optimal Spectral Indices," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(21), pages 1-21, November.
    6. Muhammad Awais Ghani & Muhammad Mehran Abbas & Basharat Ali & Rukhsanda Aziz & Rashad Waseem Khan Qadri & Anam Noor & Muhammad Azam & Saleem Bahzad & Muhammad Hamzah Saleem & Muyassar H. Abualreesh & , 2021. "Alleviating Role of Gibberellic Acid in Enhancing Plant Growth and Stimulating Phenolic Compounds in Carrot ( Daucus carota L.) under Lead Stress," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(21), pages 1-13, November.
    7. Abdihakim Osman Heile & Qamar uz Zaman & Zubair Aslam & Afzal Hussain & Mustansar Aslam & Muhammad Hamzah Saleem & Muyassar H. Abualreesh & Aishah Alatawi & Shafaqat Ali, 2021. "Alleviation of Cadmium Phytotoxicity Using Silicon Fertilization in Wheat by Altering Antioxidant Metabolism and Osmotic Adjustment," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(20), pages 1-13, October.
    8. Dan Liu & Lei Tao & Xiang Li & Chunmei Xiong & Xiaoxia Yang & Qingyu Nie & Junjie Lin, 2022. "Selenium Application Decreases the Enrichment and Human Exposure Risk of Cadmium in the Leaf of Jute ( Corchorus capsularis L.) Planted in Uncontaminated Purple Soil," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(15), pages 1-7, August.
    9. Batool, Fauzia & Hussain, M. Iftikhar & Nazar, Sonaina & Bashir, Humayun & Khan, Zafar Iqbal & Ahmad, Kafeel & Alnuwaiser, Maha Abdallah & Yang, Hsi-Hsien, 2023. "Potential of sewage irrigation for heavy metal contamination in soil–wheat grain system: Ecological risk and environmental fate," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 278(C).
    10. Katarina Baralić & Aleksandra Buha Djordjevic & Katarina Živančević & Evica Antonijević & Milena Anđelković & Dragana Javorac & Marijana Ćurčić & Zorica Bulat & Biljana Antonijević & Danijela Đukić-Ćo, 2020. "Toxic Effects of the Mixture of Phthalates and Bisphenol A—Subacute Oral Toxicity Study in Wistar Rats," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(3), pages 1-24, January.
    11. Zafar Iqbal Khan & Asim Mansha & Muhammad Hamzah Saleem & Farah Tariq & Kafeel Ahmad & Tasneem Ahmad & Muhammad Umer Farooq Awan & Muyassar H. Abualreesh & Aishah Alatawi & Shafaqat Ali, 2021. "Trace Metal Accumulation in Rice Variety Kainat Irrigated with Canal Water," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(24), pages 1-15, December.
    12. Ilker Ugulu & Shehnaz Bibi & Zafar Iqbal Khan & Kafeel Ahmad & Mudasra Munir & Ifra Saleem Malik & Abid Ejaz & Abdulwahed Fahad Alrefaei, 2023. "Biomonitoring of Heavy Metal and Metalloid Contamination in Industrial Wastewater Irrigated Areas Using Sugar Beet ( Brassica oleracea L.)," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(12), pages 1-14, June.
    13. Aishah Alatawi & Xiukang Wang & Arosha Maqbool & Muhammad Hamzah Saleem & Kamal Usman & Muhammad Rizwan & Tahira Yasmeen & Muhammad Saleem Arif & Shamaila Noreen & Afzal Hussain & Shafaqat Ali, 2022. "S-Fertilizer (Elemental Sulfur) Improves the Phytoextraction of Cadmium through Solanum nigrum L," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(3), pages 1-19, January.
    14. Muhammad Iftikhar Hussain & Majida Naeem & Zafar Iqbal Khan & Shahzad Akhtar & Muhammad Nadeem & Maha Abdallah Alnuwaiser & Kafeel Ahmad & Oscar Vicente & Hsi-Hsien Yang, 2022. "Cadmium (Cd) and Copper (Cu) Exposure and Bioaccumulation Arrays in Farm Ruminants: Impact of Forage Ecotypes, Ecological Sites and Body Organs," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(19), pages 1-14, October.
    15. Chang Liu & Yaohui Zhu & Zhenxiang Lu & Weina Guo & Bayaer Tumen & Yalan He & Chao Chen & Shanshan Hu & Kangzhi Xu & Yan Wang & Lei Li & Shenghe Li, 2019. "Cadmium Induces Acute Liver Injury by Inhibiting Nrf2 and the Role of NF-κB, NLRP3, and MAPKs Signaling Pathway," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(1), pages 1-10, December.
    16. Ghulam Murtaza & Umair Riaz & Humera Aziz & Nabila Shaheen & Muhammad Irfan Sohail & Muhammad Hamzah Saleem & Muyassar H. Abualreesh & Aishah Alatawi & Shafaqat Ali, 2021. "Health Risk Assessment, Pore Water Chemistry, and Assessment of Trace Metals Transfer from Two Untreated Sewage Sludge Types to Tomato Crop ( Lycopersicon esculentum ) at Different Application Levels," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(22), pages 1-17, November.
    17. João Gonçalves & Jorge Freitas & Igor Fernandes & Pedro Silva, 2023. "Microalgae as Biofertilizers: A Sustainable Way to Improve Soil Fertility and Plant Growth," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(16), pages 1-19, August.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:14:y:2022:i:20:p:13441-:d:946244. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.