IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jijerp/v17y2020i22p8689-d449589.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Follow-Up of Elevated Blood Lead Levels and Sources in a Cohort of Children in Benin

Author

Listed:
  • Shukrullah Ahmadi

    (Centre of Research in Epidemiology and Statistics (CRESS), Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Université de Paris, F-75004 Paris, France)

  • Barbara Le Bot

    (Ecole des Hautes Études en Santé Publique (EHESP), Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (Inserm), Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail (Irset)—UMR_S 1085, University of Rennes, F-35000 Rennes, France)

  • Roméo Zoumenou

    (Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Paris Descartes Université, 75006 Paris, France)

  • Séverine Durand

    (Ecole des Hautes Études en Santé Publique (EHESP), Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (Inserm), Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail (Irset)—UMR_S 1085, University of Rennes, F-35000 Rennes, France)

  • Nadine Fiévet

    (Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Paris Descartes Université, 75006 Paris, France)

  • Pierre Ayotte

    (Axe Santé des Populations et Pratiques Optimales en Santé, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval—Institut National de Santé Publique du Québec, Quebec City, QC G1V 5B3, Canada)

  • Achille Massougbodji

    (Faculté des Sciences de la Santé, 01 BP 526 Cotonou, Benin)

  • Maroufou Jules Alao

    (Paediatric Service, Mother and Child Teaching Hospital (CHU-MEL), 01 BP 107 Cotonou, Benin)

  • Michel Cot

    (Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Paris Descartes Université, 75006 Paris, France)

  • Philippe Glorennec

    (Ecole des Hautes Études en Santé Publique (EHESP), Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (Inserm), Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail (Irset)—UMR_S 1085, University of Rennes, F-35000 Rennes, France)

  • Florence Bodeau-Livinec

    (Ecole des Hautes Études en Santé Publique (EHESP), Obstetrical, Perinatal and Pediatric Epidemiology Research Team (EPOPé)—UMR1153, F-35000 Rennes, France)

Abstract

Lead exposure is associated with poor cognitive development in children. Very few studies in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) have studied blood lead levels (BLLs) and non-gasoline sources of exposure in children. Data from a birth cohort in Benin (2011–2013) suggested that 58% of 1-year-old children had BLLs > 50 ug/L. We aimed to investigate the prevalence of elevated BLLs (>50 µg/L and >100 µg /L) among 425 of these children at 6 years of age in 2016–2018 and to compare BLLs between age 1 and 6 years, and study sources of lead at age 6 years. BLLs were analysed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Multiple linear regression and quantile regressions were used to study potential sources of lead. The prevalence of BLLs > 50 µg/L in children was 59.5% (Geometric Mean (GM) 56.4 µg/L, 95% CI: 54.1–58.7) at 6 years of age compared to 54.8% (GM 56.5 µg/L, 95% CI: 53.4–59.6) at 1 year of age. The prevalence of children with BLLs > 100 µg/L decreased from 14.4% at 1 year of age to 8.2% at 6 years of age. After adjustment for all other covariates, consumption of peanuts more than once per month was significantly associated with a 22.0% (95% CI: 4.6, 42.5) increment in BLLs at age 6 years compared with no consumption. Consumption of bushmeat killed by lead bullets at age 6 years was associated with an increase in the higher percentiles of BLLs (P75) compared with the absence of this source. Other potential sources of lead associated with BLLs with marginal significance were consumption of rice, paternal occupational exposure, and the presence of activity with the potential use of lead. This prospective cohort confirms the persistently high prevalence of elevated BLLs in children residing in a rural region in the south of Benin, as well as the presence of multiple and continuous sources of lead. These results highlight the need for prevention programs to reduce and eliminate lead exposure in children.

Suggested Citation

  • Shukrullah Ahmadi & Barbara Le Bot & Roméo Zoumenou & Séverine Durand & Nadine Fiévet & Pierre Ayotte & Achille Massougbodji & Maroufou Jules Alao & Michel Cot & Philippe Glorennec & Florence Bodeau-L, 2020. "Follow-Up of Elevated Blood Lead Levels and Sources in a Cohort of Children in Benin," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(22), pages 1-15, November.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:17:y:2020:i:22:p:8689-:d:449589
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/17/22/8689/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/17/22/8689/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Zafar Fatmi & Ambreen Sahito & Akihiko Ikegami & Atsuko Mizuno & Xiaoyi Cui & Nathan Mise & Mai Takagi & Yayoi Kobayashi & Fujio Kayama, 2017. "Lead Exposure Assessment among Pregnant Women, Newborns, and Children: Case Study from Karachi, Pakistan," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 14(4), pages 1-15, April.
    2. Chaochen Ma & Miyuki Iwai-Shimada & Nozomi Tatsuta & Kunihiko Nakai & Tomohiko Isobe & Mai Takagi & Yukiko Nishihama & Shoji F. Nakayama, 2020. "Health Risk Assessment and Source Apportionment of Mercury, Lead, Cadmium, Selenium, and Manganese in Japanese Women: An Adjunct Study to the Japan Environment and Children’s Study," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(7), pages 1-13, March.
    3. Fanfu Zeng & Wei Wei & Mansha Li & Ruixue Huang & Fei Yang & Yanying Duan, 2015. "Heavy Metal Contamination in Rice-Producing Soils of Hunan Province, China and Potential Health Risks," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 12(12), pages 1-10, December.
    4. Deborah J Pain & Ruth L Cromie & Julia Newth & Martin J Brown & Eric Crutcher & Pippa Hardman & Louise Hurst & Rafael Mateo & Andrew A Meharg & Annette C Moran & Andrea Raab & Mark A Taggart & Rhys E , 2010. "Potential Hazard to Human Health from Exposure to Fragments of Lead Bullets and Shot in the Tissues of Game Animals," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 5(4), pages 1-17, April.
    5. Florence Bodeau-Livinec & Philippe Glorennec & Michel Cot & Pierre Dumas & Séverine Durand & Achille Massougbodji & Pierre Ayotte & Barbara Le Bot, 2016. "Elevated Blood Lead Levels in Infants and Mothers in Benin and Potential Sources of Exposure," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 13(3), pages 1-14, March.
    6. Deborah Pain & Rhys Green, 2019. "Risks from lead ammunition," Nature Sustainability, Nature, vol. 2(12), pages 1066-1066, December.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Antonio Lenti & Alessandro Menozzi & Giorgio Fedrizzi & Simonetta Menotta & Tiziano Iemmi & Giorgio Galletti & Paolo Serventi & Simone Bertini, 2021. "Lead Levels in Wild Boar Meat Sauce (Ragù) Sold on the Italian Market," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(8), pages 1-9, April.
    2. Shukrullah Ahmadi & Suzanne Maman & Roméo Zoumenou & Achille Massougbodji & Michel Cot & Philippe Glorennec & Florence Bodeau-Livinec, 2018. "Hunting, Sale, and Consumption of Bushmeat Killed by Lead-Based Ammunition in Benin," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 15(6), pages 1-12, June.
    3. Saverio Caini & Benedetta Bendinelli & Giovanna Masala & Calogero Saieva & Melania Assedi & Andrea Querci & Thomas Lundh & Soterios A. Kyrtopoulos & Domenico Palli, 2019. "Determinants of Erythrocyte Lead Levels in 454 Adults in Florence, Italy," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(3), pages 1-12, February.
    4. Yuliia Medvedeva & Anatolii Kucher & Joanna Lipsa & Maria Hełdak, 2021. "Human Health Risk Assessment on the Consumption of Apples Growing in Urbanized Areas: Case of Kharkiv, Ukraine," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(4), pages 1-14, February.
    5. Nur Syahirah Zulkafflee & Nurul Adillah Mohd Redzuan & Sara Nematbakhsh & Jinap Selamat & Mohd Razi Ismail & Sarva Mangala Praveena & Soo Yee Lee & Ahmad Faizal Abdull Razis, 2022. "Heavy Metal Contamination in Oryza sativa L. at the Eastern Region of Malaysia and Its Risk Assessment," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(2), pages 1-22, January.
    6. Daoust, Pierre-Yves & Hammill, Mike & Stenson, Garry & Caraguel, Charles, 2014. "A review of animal welfare implications of the Canadian commercial seal hunt: A critique," Marine Policy, Elsevier, vol. 43(C), pages 367-371.
    7. Reza Aghlmand & Saeed Rasi Nezami & Ali Abbasi, 2021. "Evaluation of Chemical Parameters of Urban Drinking Water Quality along with Health Risk Assessment: A Case Study of Ardabil Province, Iran," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(10), pages 1-11, May.
    8. Elisabet Navarro-Tapia & Mariona Serra-Delgado & Lucía Fernández-López & Montserrat Meseguer-Gilabert & María Falcón & Giorgia Sebastiani & Sebastian Sailer & Oscar Garcia-Algar & Vicente Andreu-Ferná, 2021. "Toxic Elements in Traditional Kohl-Based Eye Cosmetics in Spanish and German Markets," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(11), pages 1-16, June.
    9. Abdulaziz Abdulrahman AlMulla & Saad Dahlawi & Muhammad Atif Randhawa & Qamar uz Zaman & Yinglong Chen & Turki Kh. Faraj, 2022. "Toxic Metals and Metalloids in Hassawi Brown Rice: Fate during Cooking and Associated Health Risks," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(19), pages 1-12, September.
    10. Howard W. Mielke, 2016. "Editorial: Lead Risk Assessment and Health Effects," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 13(6), pages 1-3, June.
    11. Keith Schofield, 2017. "The Metal Neurotoxins: An Important Role in Current Human Neural Epidemics?," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 14(12), pages 1-23, December.
    12. Bimal Manuranga Herath & Chaturanga Bamunuarachchige & Steven L. Stephenson & Abdallah M. Elgorban & Suhail Asad & Jaturong Kumla & Nakarin Suwannarach & Samantha C. Karunarathna & Pinnaduwage Neelama, 2023. "Soil Heavy Metal Absorption Potential of Azolla pinnata and Lemna gibba with Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in Rice ( Oryza sativa L.) Farming," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(5), pages 1-27, February.
    13. Mirela Miclean & Oana Cadar & Erika Andrea Levei & Radu Roman & Alexandru Ozunu & Levente Levei, 2019. "Metal (Pb, Cu, Cd, and Zn) Transfer along Food Chain and Health Risk Assessment through Raw Milk Consumption from Free-Range Cows," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(21), pages 1-14, October.
    14. Vidhu Gupta & Lalita Bisht & Ajay Kumar Arya & Ajay Pratap Singh & Sneha Gautam, 2022. "Spatially Resolved Distribution, Sources, Exposure Levels, and Health Risks of Heavy Metals in <63 μm Size-Fractionated Road Dust from Lucknow City, North India," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(19), pages 1-23, October.
    15. Yuxiao Shao & Xiaohang Xu & Le Wang & Jialiang Han & Hem Bahadur Katuwal & Shulin Jiao & Guangle Qiu, 2023. "Human Dietary Exposure to Heavy Metals via Rice in Nepal," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(5), pages 1-13, February.
    16. Lei Shi & Zhaohui Guo & Fang Liang & Xiyuan Xiao & Chi Peng & Peng Zeng & Wenli Feng & Hongzhen Ran, 2019. "Effect of Liming with Various Water Regimes on Both Immobilization of Cadmium and Improvement of Bacterial Communities in Contaminated Paddy: A Field Experiment," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(3), pages 1-14, February.
    17. Ronnel C. Nolos & Christine Joy M. Agarin & Maria Ysabel R. Domino & Pauline B. Bonifacio & Eduardo B. Chan & Doreen R. Mascareñas & Delia B. Senoro, 2022. "Health Risks Due to Metal Concentrations in Soil and Vegetables from the Six Municipalities of the Island Province in the Philippines," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(3), pages 1-26, January.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:17:y:2020:i:22:p:8689-:d:449589. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.