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Human Dietary Exposure to Heavy Metals via Rice in Nepal

Author

Listed:
  • Yuxiao Shao

    (School of Geography and Environmental Science, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550025, China
    State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China)

  • Xiaohang Xu

    (State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China
    Key Laboratory of Karst Georesources and Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China)

  • Le Wang

    (State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China)

  • Jialiang Han

    (State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China
    University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China)

  • Hem Bahadur Katuwal

    (Center for Integrative Conservation, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla 666303, China)

  • Shulin Jiao

    (School of Geography and Environmental Science, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550025, China)

  • Guangle Qiu

    (State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China)

Abstract

The effects of exposure to heavy metals (HMs) in rice on human health have become a global public health concern, particularly in countries where rice is consumed as a staple food. The concentrations of HMs, including cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As), lead (Pb), and copper (Cu), in commercial rice samples (n = 170) were analyzed to estimate the HM exposure of consumers in Nepal. The geometric mean concentrations of Cd, As, Pb, and Cu in commercial rice were 15.5 ± 16.0, 43.4 ± 19.6, 16.0 ± 14.0, and 1066 ± 1210 μg/kg, respectively, all below the maximum allowable concentrations (MACs) recommended by FAO/WHO. Generally, the average estimated daily intakes (EDIs) of Cd, As, Pb, and Cu were all below the oral reference doses (RfDs). However, young age groups were exposed to high levels of HMs, and the average EDI of As and the P99.9 EDIs of Cu and Cd were above the corresponding RfDs. The mean hazard index and total carcinogenic risk were 1.13 and 1.04 × 10 −3 respectively, suggesting a potential non-carcinogenic risk (NCR) and a carcinogenic risk (CR) via rice consumption. Arsenic contributed the most strongly to NCR and Cd to CR. Overall, although the HM levels in rice were generally safe, the Nepalese population may be exposed to an elevated health risk from rice consumption.

Suggested Citation

  • Yuxiao Shao & Xiaohang Xu & Le Wang & Jialiang Han & Hem Bahadur Katuwal & Shulin Jiao & Guangle Qiu, 2023. "Human Dietary Exposure to Heavy Metals via Rice in Nepal," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(5), pages 1-13, February.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:20:y:2023:i:5:p:4134-:d:1080501
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Fanfu Zeng & Wei Wei & Mansha Li & Ruixue Huang & Fei Yang & Yanying Duan, 2015. "Heavy Metal Contamination in Rice-Producing Soils of Hunan Province, China and Potential Health Risks," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 12(12), pages 1-10, December.
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