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Bioaccumulation and Mobility of Heavy Metals in the Soil-Plant System and Health Risk Assessment of Vegetables Irrigated by Wastewater

Author

Listed:
  • Muhammad Tansar Abbas

    (Institute of Chemical Sciences, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan 29220, Pakistan)

  • Mohammad Ahmad Wadaan

    (Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia)

  • Hidayat Ullah

    (Institute of Chemical Sciences, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan 29220, Pakistan)

  • Muhammad Farooq

    (National Center of Excellence in Physical Chemistry, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan)

  • Fozia Fozia

    (Department of Biochemistry, KMU Institute of Dental Sciences, Kohat 26000, Pakistan)

  • Ijaz Ahmad

    (Department of Chemistry, Kohat University of Sciences & Technology, Kohat 26000, Pakistan)

  • Muhammad Farooq Khan

    (Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia)

  • Almohannad Baabbad

    (Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia)

  • Zia Ullah

    (College of Professional Studies, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA)

Abstract

Accumulation of heavy metals in soil and vegetables is presently a challenging environmental concern worldwide. The present study was designed to elucidate heavy metals contamination of vegetables irrigated with domestic wastewater and associated health risks. The study area comprises three zones: Kot Addu, Alipur, and Muzaffargarh. A total of 153 samples of wastewater, topsoil, and vegetables were analyzed for physicochemical parameters and concentration levels of eight metal elements (Cu, Fe, Zn, Mn, Pb, Cd, Ni, and Cr) determined through analytical procedures. The outcome of the present investigation reveals that heavy metal concentrations in wastewater, soil, and vegetables irrigated with wastewater were slightly higher than the WHO-suggested limit. The heavy metals concentration observed in vegetables irrigated with wastewater can be ranked in order of Ni > Mn > Cr > Pb > Cu > Fe > Zn > Cd. Transfer factor (TF), daily ingestion of metals (DIM), and health risk index (HRI) were calculated. Spinach exhibited higher values of transfer factor than cabbage, cauliflower, and radish, which were followed by tinda and carrot. Minimum values of HRI were observed for Cr (0.0109) in almost all of the vegetables ingested by adults and children. Cabbage exhibited higher values of HRI for Pb (4.0656) in adults, followed by cadmium (HRI = 2.993). Minimum values of HRI were calculated for Cd (0.0115; child). Cauliflower exhibited higher values of HRI (5.2768) for Pb in children. Pb, HRI values (4.5902) were observed in adults living in Kot Addu. The results exhibited similar trends of HRI in adults and children living in Muzaffargarh and Alipur.

Suggested Citation

  • Muhammad Tansar Abbas & Mohammad Ahmad Wadaan & Hidayat Ullah & Muhammad Farooq & Fozia Fozia & Ijaz Ahmad & Muhammad Farooq Khan & Almohannad Baabbad & Zia Ullah, 2023. "Bioaccumulation and Mobility of Heavy Metals in the Soil-Plant System and Health Risk Assessment of Vegetables Irrigated by Wastewater," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(21), pages 1-19, October.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:15:y:2023:i:21:p:15321-:d:1268097
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Chen, Fu & Ma, Jing & Akhtar, Shahzad & Khan, Zafar Iqbal & Ahmad, Kafeel & Ashfaq, Asma & Nawaz, Hummera & Nadeem, Muhammad, 2022. "Assessment of chromium toxicity and potential health implications of agriculturally diversely irrigated food crops in the semi-arid regions of South Asia," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 272(C).
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