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Factors That Influence Virtual Tourism Holistic Image: The Moderating Role of Sense of Presence

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  • Ling-Long Tsai

    (Department of Cultural Creative Industries, National Pingtung University, Pingtung 90003, Taiwan)

Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic has dramatically restricted domestic and foreign travel; thus, virtual tourism has become a new option for traveling. As regards virtual tourism, the present study seeks to investigate the effect of tourist involvement on the three components of holistic image, namely cognitive, affective, and conative images; the influence of cognitive, affective, and conative images on the construction of the holistic image; and the moderating effect of sense of presence on the relationships between cognitive, affective, and conative images on the holistic image. Prospective tourists were chosen as research subjects in the present study on non-immersive virtual reality (VR) tourism, or virtual tourism. Participants first watched the 360° VR tour video of AirPano . Afterward, they filled out an online questionnaire, of which 386 valid samples were collected for analyses. Results show that tourist involvement considerably affects cognitive, affective, and conative images, which significantly influence the holistic image. Furthermore, a sense of presence was found to positively moderate the relationships between (1) cognitive and holistic, (2) affective and holistic, and (3) conative and holistic images. These results may allow tourism marketing organizations to better understand how to strengthen the holistic image in the context of virtual tourism.

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  • Ling-Long Tsai, 2022. "Factors That Influence Virtual Tourism Holistic Image: The Moderating Role of Sense of Presence," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(1), pages 1-20, January.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:14:y:2022:i:1:p:467-:d:716345
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Chung-Wei Kuo, 2021. "Can We Return to Our Normal Life When the Pandemic Is under Control? A Preliminary Study on the Influence of COVID-19 on the Tourism Characteristics of Taiwan," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(17), pages 1-17, August.
    2. Qiu, Richard T.R. & Park, Jinah & Li, ShiNa & Song, Haiyan, 2020. "Social costs of tourism during the COVID-19 pandemic," Annals of Tourism Research, Elsevier, vol. 84(C).
    3. Najib Noorashid & Wei Lee Chin, 2021. "Coping with COVID-19: The Resilience and Transformation of Community-Based Tourism in Brunei Darussalam," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(15), pages 1-28, August.
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    Cited by:

    1. Lili Geng & Yufei Li & Yongji Xue, 2022. "Will the Interest Triggered by Virtual Reality (VR) Turn into Intention to Travel (VR vs. Corporeal)? The Moderating Effects of Customer Segmentation," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(12), pages 1-20, June.
    2. Raquel Camprubí & Ariadna Gassiot-Melian, 2023. "Advances in Tourism Image and Branding," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(4), pages 1-3, February.
    3. Minglu Wang & Shanshan Liu & Lingling Hu & Jong-Yoon Lee, 2023. "A Study of Metaverse Exhibition Sustainability on the Perspective of the Experience Economy," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(12), pages 1-14, June.
    4. Minglu Wang & Jong-Yoon Lee & Shanshan Liu & Lingling Hu, 2023. "The Role of Emotional Responses in the VR Exhibition Continued Usage Intention: A Moderated Mediation Model," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(6), pages 1-14, March.
    5. Ionica Oncioiu & Iustin Priescu, 2022. "The Use of Virtual Reality in Tourism Destinations as a Tool to Develop Tourist Behavior Perspective," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(7), pages 1-15, April.

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