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Adsorption of Metformin on Activated Carbon Produced from the Water Hyacinth Biowaste Using H 3 PO 4 as a Chemical Activator

Author

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  • Ahmad Hakky Mohammad

    (Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Karnegijeva 4, 11120 Belgrade, Serbia)

  • Ivona Radovic

    (Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Karnegijeva 4, 11120 Belgrade, Serbia)

  • Marija Ivanović

    (Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, Department of Materials, University of Belgrade, Mike Petrovića Alasa 12-14, Vinča, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia)

  • Mirjana Kijevčanin

    (Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Karnegijeva 4, 11120 Belgrade, Serbia)

Abstract

Water hyacinth biomass was used for the synthesis of activated carbons in the process of chemical activation with H 3 PO 4 , followed by controlled carbonization. The study investigates the effect of various impregnation weight ratios of H 3 PO 4 and dry hyacinth (0.5–3.0), as well as different carbonization temperatures (T = 400–800 °C), on the surface characteristics of the produced activated carbons (AC). The activated carbon obtained with an impregnation ratio of 1.5 and a carbonization temperature of 600 °C (1.5 AC/600) showed the highest values of specific surface area of 1421 m 2 g −1 , representing a selected adsorbent for metformin removal. The chosen sample was characterized by elemental analysis, adsorption–desorption isotherms of nitrogen at −196 °C, via FTIR spectroscopy and the SEM method. The modeling of the experimental adsorption data showed that metformin adsorption: (i) can be best described by the Langmuir isotherm model, with the value of q max = 122.47 mg g −1 ; (ii) led the pseudo-second order kinetic model; and (iii) is a spontaneous (Δ G ° = −3.44 kJ mol −1 ) and endothermic (Δ H ° = 8.77 kJ mol −1 ) process. A desorption study has shown that 92% of metformin was successfully desorbed in the presence of a 0.1 MHCl/ethanol mixture (volume ratio 2:1). The recovery of the adsorbent of 84%, after five successive cycles, indicated that the 1.5 AC/600 has potential to be applied in the real systems for water treatment.

Suggested Citation

  • Ahmad Hakky Mohammad & Ivona Radovic & Marija Ivanović & Mirjana Kijevčanin, 2022. "Adsorption of Metformin on Activated Carbon Produced from the Water Hyacinth Biowaste Using H 3 PO 4 as a Chemical Activator," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(18), pages 1-22, September.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:14:y:2022:i:18:p:11144-:d:907945
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Antonio Macías-García & Justo García-Sanz-Calcedo & Juan Pablo Carrasco-Amador & Raúl Segura-Cruz, 2019. "Adsorption of Paracetamol in Hospital Wastewater Through Activated Carbon Filters," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(9), pages 1-11, May.
    2. Ioannidou, O. & Zabaniotou, A., 2007. "Agricultural residues as precursors for activated carbon production--A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 11(9), pages 1966-2005, December.
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