IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jsusta/v14y2022i13p7538-d844119.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

PERMA Model of Well-Being Applied to Portuguese Senior Tourists: A Confirmatory Factor Analysis

Author

Listed:
  • José Mendes

    (School of Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Azores, 9500-321 Ponta Delgada, Portugal)

  • Teresa Medeiros

    (School of Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Azores, 9500-321 Ponta Delgada, Portugal)

  • Osvaldo Silva

    (Interdisciplinary Centre of Social Sciences—Campus of the University of Azores (CICS.NOVA.UAc), University of Azores, 9500-321 Ponta Delgada, Portugal)

  • Licínio Tomás

    (Interdisciplinary Centre of Social Sciences—Campus of the University of Azores (CICS.NOVA.UAc), University of Azores, 9500-321 Ponta Delgada, Portugal)

  • Luís Silva

    (Research Network in Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology (InBIO), Research Center in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources (CIBIO), School of Sciences and Technology, University of Azores, 9500-321 Ponta Delgada, Portugal)

  • Joaquim A. Ferreira

    (Center for Research in Neuropsychology and Cognitive and Behavioral Intervention (CINEICC), Faculty of Psychology and Education, University of Coimbra, 3000-115 Coimbra, Portugal)

Abstract

Tourism has been affirmed as an activity that promotes health and well-being. The present study aims to present a confirmatory analysis of the PERMA model in a sample of Portuguese senior tourists who visited the island of São Miguel (Azores). After approval of the study by the ethics committee (reference 6/2022), a Sociodemographic Questionnaire, PERMA Profiler, and Life Satisfaction Scale—SWLS were applied to 1083 senior tourists (≥55 years) of various nationalities. To evaluate the PERMA model for senior tourism in Portugal, a total of 434 senior tourists of Portuguese nationality were extracted from the sample. The results revealed that most of the participants attributed scores above the midpoint in the five dimensions of PERMA (positive emotions, engagement, relationships, meaning, accomplishment) and in the satisfaction with life scale. Using scale reliability analyses, we found that some of the dimensions in the PERMA model showed relatively low values both for Cronbach alpha and composite reliability. Several confirmatory structural equation models (single factorial, second order, and five factors) were calculated, as well as the usual adjustment measures, with the five-factor PERMA model presenting the best structure, although with a relatively low fit. The modification of the model by the weight of regressions between some of the items with larger covariances allowed a better adjustment: χ 2 (73) = 264.960, p < 0.001, χ 2 /df = 3.63, CFI = 0.94, TLI = 0.91, IFI = 0.94; GFI = 0.92, RMSEA = 0.078, p < 0.001. Although the results revealed that the experiences of senior tourists when visiting the island of São Miguel contributed significantly to their well-being and the modified model presented superior adjustment quality, future studies are suggested to evaluate the quality of the PERMA model applied to tourism.

Suggested Citation

  • José Mendes & Teresa Medeiros & Osvaldo Silva & Licínio Tomás & Luís Silva & Joaquim A. Ferreira, 2022. "PERMA Model of Well-Being Applied to Portuguese Senior Tourists: A Confirmatory Factor Analysis," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(13), pages 1-11, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:14:y:2022:i:13:p:7538-:d:844119
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/14/13/7538/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/14/13/7538/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Jinghua Han & Keji Huang & Shiwei Shen, 2022. "Are Tourism Practitioners Happy? The Role of Explanatory Style Played on Tourism Practitioners’ Psychological Well-Being," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(9), pages 1-18, April.
    2. Christopher Peterson & Nansook Park & Martin Seligman, 2005. "Orientations to happiness and life satisfaction: the full life versus the empty life," Journal of Happiness Studies, Springer, vol. 6(1), pages 25-41, March.
    3. Gerbing, David W & Anderson, James C, 1984. "On the Meaning of Within-Factor Correlated Measurement Errors," Journal of Consumer Research, Journal of Consumer Research Inc., vol. 11(1), pages 572-580, June.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Olga Kosykh & Hanna Roh & Robert Hart, 2023. "Self-Expressiveness in Slow Tourism as a Sustainable Driver: The Trans-Siberian Railway Travel Experience," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(10), pages 1-19, May.
    2. Sherry E. Moss & Meng Song & Sean T. Hannah & Zhen Wang & John J. Sumanth, 2020. "The Duty to Improve Oneself: How Duty Orientation Mediates the Relationship Between Ethical Leadership and Followers’ Feedback-Seeking and Feedback-Avoiding Behavior," Journal of Business Ethics, Springer, vol. 165(4), pages 615-631, September.
    3. Prinz, Aloys & Bünger, Björn, 2009. "From full life to balanced life: Extending Martin Seligman's route to happiness," CAWM Discussion Papers 17, University of Münster, Münster Center for Economic Policy (MEP).
    4. Ying Yang & Peipei Li & Yu Kou, 2017. "Orientations to Happiness and Subjective Well-Being in Chinese Adolescents," Child Indicators Research, Springer;The International Society of Child Indicators (ISCI), vol. 10(4), pages 881-897, December.
    5. Krzysztof Zagórski, 2011. "Income and Happiness in Time of Post-Communist Modernization," Social Indicators Research: An International and Interdisciplinary Journal for Quality-of-Life Measurement, Springer, vol. 104(2), pages 331-349, November.
    6. Mary C. Daly & Daniel J. Wilson & Norman J. Johnson, 2013. "Relative Status and Well-Being: Evidence from U.S. Suicide Deaths," The Review of Economics and Statistics, MIT Press, vol. 95(5), pages 1480-1500, December.
    7. Japutra, Arnold & Septianto, Felix & Can, Ali Selcuk, 2022. "Feeling grateful versus happy? The effects of emotional appeals in advertisements on self-made products," Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, Elsevier, vol. 69(C).
    8. R. A. Burns, 2020. "Age-Related Differences in the Factor Structure of Multiple Wellbeing Indicators in a Large Multinational European Survey," Journal of Happiness Studies, Springer, vol. 21(1), pages 37-52, January.
    9. Justina GineikienÄ—, 2013. "Consumer Nostalgia Literature Review And An Alternative Measurement Perspective," Organizations and Markets in Emerging Economies, Faculty of Economics, Vilnius University, vol. 4(2).
    10. Antonella Delle Fave & Ingrid Brdar & Teresa Freire & Dianne Vella-Brodrick & Marié Wissing, 2011. "The Eudaimonic and Hedonic Components of Happiness: Qualitative and Quantitative Findings," Social Indicators Research: An International and Interdisciplinary Journal for Quality-of-Life Measurement, Springer, vol. 100(2), pages 185-207, January.
    11. N. Rickard & D. Vella-Brodrick, 2014. "Changes in Well-Being: Complementing a Psychosocial Approach with Neurobiological Insights," Social Indicators Research: An International and Interdisciplinary Journal for Quality-of-Life Measurement, Springer, vol. 117(2), pages 437-457, June.
    12. Hezhi Chen & Zhijia Zeng, 2023. "Seeking Pleasure is Good, but Avoiding Pain is Bad: Distinguishing Hedonic Approach from Hedonic Avoidance Orientations," Journal of Happiness Studies, Springer, vol. 24(7), pages 2377-2393, October.
    13. Kennon M. Sheldon & Mike Corcoran & Mike Prentice, 2019. "Pursuing Eudaimonic Functioning Versus Pursuing Hedonic Well-Being: The First Goal Succeeds in Its Aim, Whereas the Second Does Not," Journal of Happiness Studies, Springer, vol. 20(3), pages 919-933, March.
    14. Itumeleng P. Khumalo & Angelina Wilson-Fadiji & Symen A. Brouwers, 2020. "Well-Being Orientations and Time Perspective Across Cultural Tightness–Looseness Latent Classes in Africa," Journal of Happiness Studies, Springer, vol. 21(5), pages 1681-1703, June.
    15. Matthew D Rablen, 2012. "The promotion of local wellbeing: A primer for policymakers," Local Economy, London South Bank University, vol. 27(3), pages 297-314, May.
    16. M. Joseph Sirgy & Jiyun Wu, 2009. "The Pleasant Life, the Engaged Life, and the Meaningful Life: What about the Balanced Life?," Journal of Happiness Studies, Springer, vol. 10(2), pages 183-196, April.
    17. E. L. L. Strijbosch & G. H. P. Helm & G. J. J. M. Stams & I. B. Wissink, 2018. "Young Children (4–8 years) in Group Care: Development and Validation of a Group Climate Instrument," Child Indicators Research, Springer;The International Society of Child Indicators (ISCI), vol. 11(6), pages 1769-1780, December.
    18. Jordan A. Booker & Julie C. Dunsmore, 2019. "Testing Direct and Indirect Ties of Self-Compassion with Subjective Well-Being," Journal of Happiness Studies, Springer, vol. 20(5), pages 1563-1585, June.
    19. Domingo Villavicencio-Aguilar & Edgardo René Chacón-Andrade & Maria Fernanda Durón-Ramos, 2020. "Data on Orientation to Happiness in Higher Education Institutions from Mexico and El Salvador," Data, MDPI, vol. 5(1), pages 1-5, March.
    20. Golossenko, Artyom & Pillai, Kishore Gopalakrishna & Aroean, Lukman, 2020. "Seeing brands as humans: Development and validation of a brand anthropomorphism scale," International Journal of Research in Marketing, Elsevier, vol. 37(4), pages 737-755.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:14:y:2022:i:13:p:7538-:d:844119. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.