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Bullying, Cyberbullying and the Overlap: What Does Age Have to Do with It?

Author

Listed:
  • Rafael Pichel

    (Consumer and User Psychology Unit, Faculty of Psychology, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain)

  • Mairéad Foody

    (National Anti-Bullying Research and Resource Centre, Dublin City University, D09 AW21 Dublin, Ireland)

  • James O’Higgins Norman

    (National Anti-Bullying Research and Resource Centre, Dublin City University, D09 AW21 Dublin, Ireland)

  • Sandra Feijóo

    (Consumer and User Psychology Unit, Faculty of Psychology, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain)

  • Jesús Varela

    (Consumer and User Psychology Unit, Faculty of Psychology, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain)

  • Antonio Rial

    (Consumer and User Psychology Unit, Faculty of Psychology, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain)

Abstract

School bullying and cyberbullying represent the most common forms of victimization during childhood and adolescence in many countries across the globe. Although they can be studied as distinct phenomena with their own defining characteristics, there is evidence to suggest that they are related and often co-occur. The present research aimed to estimate the rates of school bullying and cyberbullying, studied their evolution by age, and analyzed any possible overlap between the two. An empirical study was carried out with a large sample of children and adolescents in Galicia, Spain (N = 2083), where 10–17 year olds were presented with The European Bullying Intervention Project Questionnaire and European Cyberbullying Intervention Project Questionnaire. School bullying was found to be more prevalent than cyberbullying, with 25.1% involved as victims and 14.3% as bully-victims, while the cyberbullying rates were 9.4% for victims and 5.8% for bully-victims. Perpetration rates were similar for school and cyberbullying (4.4% and 4.3% respectively). The overlap between both phenomena adds to the evidence for a whole-community approach to tackling all types of bullying and victimization experiences, as opposed to each in silo. The clear age differences in bullying behaviours also suggest the appropriateness of tailoring anti-bullying programs to target specific age groups.

Suggested Citation

  • Rafael Pichel & Mairéad Foody & James O’Higgins Norman & Sandra Feijóo & Jesús Varela & Antonio Rial, 2021. "Bullying, Cyberbullying and the Overlap: What Does Age Have to Do with It?," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(15), pages 1-11, July.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:13:y:2021:i:15:p:8527-:d:605167
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Alina Cosma & Sophie D. Walsh & Kayleigh L. Chester & Mary Callaghan & Michal Molcho & Wendy Craig & William Pickett, 2020. "Bullying victimization: time trends and the overlap between traditional and cyberbullying across countries in Europe and North America," International Journal of Public Health, Springer;Swiss School of Public Health (SSPH+), vol. 65(1), pages 75-85, January.
    2. Baldry, Anna Costanza & Sorrentino, Anna & Farrington, David P., 2019. "Cyberbullying and cybervictimization versus parental supervision, monitoring and control of adolescents' online activities," Children and Youth Services Review, Elsevier, vol. 96(C), pages 302-307.
    3. Lazuras, Lambros & Barkoukis, Vassilis & Tsorbatzoudis, Haralambos, 2017. "Face-to-face bullying and cyberbullying in adolescents: Trans-contextual effects and role overlap," Technology in Society, Elsevier, vol. 48(C), pages 97-101.
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    Cited by:

    1. Ana Isabel Obregon-Cuesta & Luis Alberto Mínguez-Mínguez & Benito León-del-Barco & Santiago Mendo-Lázaro & Jessica Fernández-Solana & Jerónimo J. González-Bernal & Josefa González-Santos, 2022. "Bullying in Adolescents: Differences between Gender and School Year and Relationship with Academic Performance," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(15), pages 1-11, July.
    2. Consuelo Mameli & Laura Menabò & Antonella Brighi & Damiano Menin & Catherine Culbert & Jayne Hamilton & Herbert Scheithauer & Peter K. Smith & Trijntje Völlink & Roy A. Willems & Noel Purdy & Annalis, 2022. "Stay Safe and Strong: Characteristics, Roles and Emotions of Student-Produced Comics Related to Cyberbullying," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(14), pages 1-21, July.
    3. Eunsun Choi & Namje Park, 2021. "Can Online Education Programs Solve the Cyberbullying Problem? Educating South Korean Elementary Students in the COVID-19 Era," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(20), pages 1-15, October.
    4. Clarissa Cricenti & Alessandra Pizzo & Alessandro Quaglieri & Emanuela Mari & Pierluigi Cordellieri & Cristina Bonucchi & Patrizia Torretta & Anna Maria Giannini & Giulia Lausi, 2022. "Did They Deserve It? Adolescents’ Perception of Online Harassment in a Real-Case Scenario," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(24), pages 1-14, December.
    5. Marta Malinowska-Cieślik & Dorota Kleszczewska & Anna Dzielska & Monika Ścibor & Joanna Mazur, 2023. "Similarities and Differences between Psychosocial Determinants of Bullying and Cyberbullying Perpetration among Polish Adolescents," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(2), pages 1-21, January.
    6. So Young Shin & Yeon-Jun Choi, 2021. "Comparison of Cyberbullying before and after the COVID-19 Pandemic in Korea," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(19), pages 1-11, September.

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