IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jrisks/v11y2023i9p154-d1225495.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Optimal Cyber Security Investment in a Mixed Risk Management Framework: Examining the Role of Cyber Insurance and Expenditure Analysis

Author

Listed:
  • Alessandro Mazzoccoli

    (Department of Economics, Roma Tre University, Via Silvio D’Amico 77, 00146 Rome, Italy)

Abstract

Cyber security importance has escalated globally, driven by its pivotal role in shaping daily life, encompassing both personal and non-personal aspects. Cyber security breach probability functions play a crucial role in comprehending how cyber security investments affect vulnerability to cyber attacks. These functions employ mathematical models to guide decision making in cyber risk management. Thus, studying and improving them is useful in this context. In particular, using these models, this article explores the effectiveness of an integrated risk management strategy that merges insurance and security investments, aiming to minimize overall security expenses. Within this strategy, security investments contribute to reducing the insurance premium. This research investigates the optimal investment for this blended approach under total insurance coverage. When the integrated risk management strategy combining insurance and security investments is deemed the optimal choice, this paper reveals that the insurance premium tends to be the dominant component in the overall security expense in the majority of cases. This implies that the cost of insurance outweighs the cost of security investments.

Suggested Citation

  • Alessandro Mazzoccoli, 2023. "Optimal Cyber Security Investment in a Mixed Risk Management Framework: Examining the Role of Cyber Insurance and Expenditure Analysis," Risks, MDPI, vol. 11(9), pages 1-14, August.
  • Handle: RePEc:gam:jrisks:v:11:y:2023:i:9:p:154-:d:1225495
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9091/11/9/154/pdf
    Download Restriction: no

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9091/11/9/154/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Bojanc, Rok & Jerman-Blažič, Borka, 2008. "An economic modelling approach to information security risk management," International Journal of Information Management, Elsevier, vol. 28(5), pages 413-422.
    2. Luca Allodi & Fabio Massacci, 2017. "Security Events and Vulnerability Data for Cybersecurity Risk Estimation," Risk Analysis, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 37(8), pages 1606-1627, August.
    3. Anat Hovav & John D'Arcy, 2003. "The Impact of Denial‐of‐Service Attack Announcements on the Market Value of Firms," Risk Management and Insurance Review, American Risk and Insurance Association, vol. 6(2), pages 97-121, September.
    4. Hamed Taherdoost, 2022. "Understanding Cybersecurity Frameworks and Information Security Standards—A Review and Comprehensive Overview," Post-Print hal-03741854, HAL.
    5. Maurizio Naldi & Marta Flamini & Giuseppe D’Acquisto, 2018. "Negligence and sanctions in information security investments in a cloud environment," Electronic Markets, Springer;IIM University of St. Gallen, vol. 28(1), pages 39-52, February.
    6. Alessandro Mazzoccoli & Maurizio Naldi, 2020. "Robustness of Optimal Investment Decisions in Mixed Insurance/Investment Cyber Risk Management," Risk Analysis, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 40(3), pages 550-564, March.
    7. Mayadunne, Sanjaya & Park, Sungjune, 2016. "An economic model to evaluate information security investment of risk-taking small and medium enterprises," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 182(C), pages 519-530.
    8. Sampath Kumar Venkatachary & Jagdish Prasad & Ravi Samikannu, 2017. "Economic Impacts of Cyber Security in Energy Sector: A Review," International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, Econjournals, vol. 7(5), pages 250-262.
    9. Arunabha Mukhopadhyay & Samir Chatterjee & Kallol K. Bagchi & Peteer J. Kirs & Girja K. Shukla, 2019. "Cyber Risk Assessment and Mitigation (CRAM) Framework Using Logit and Probit Models for Cyber Insurance," Information Systems Frontiers, Springer, vol. 21(5), pages 997-1018, October.
    10. Rokhaya Dieye & Ahmed Bounfour & Altay Özaygen & Niaz Kammoun, 2020. "Estimates of the macroeconomic costs of cyber‐attacks," Post-Print hal-03825283, HAL.
    11. Loretta Mastroeni & Alessandro Mazzoccoli & Maurizio Naldi, 2019. "Service Level Agreement Violations in Cloud Storage: Insurance and Compensation Sustainability," Future Internet, MDPI, vol. 11(7), pages 1-26, June.
    12. Eling, Martin & Wirfs, Jan, 2019. "What are the actual costs of cyber risk events?," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 272(3), pages 1109-1119.
    13. Rokhaya Dieye & Ahmed Bounfour & Altay Ozaygen & Niaz Kammoun, 2020. "Estimates of the macroeconomic costs of cyber‐attacks," Risk Management and Insurance Review, American Risk and Insurance Association, vol. 23(2), pages 183-208, June.
    14. M.‐Elisabeth Paté‐Cornell & Marshall Kuypers & Matthew Smith & Philip Keller, 2018. "Cyber Risk Management for Critical Infrastructure: A Risk Analysis Model and Three Case Studies," Risk Analysis, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 38(2), pages 226-241, February.
    15. Natalie M. Scala & Allison C. Reilly & Paul L. Goethals & Michel Cukier, 2019. "Risk and the Five Hard Problems of Cybersecurity," Risk Analysis, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 39(10), pages 2119-2126, October.
    16. Hamed Taherdoost, 2022. "Understanding Cybersecurity Frameworks and Information Security Standards—A Review and Comprehensive Overview," Post-Print hal-03741855, HAL.
    17. Spencer Wheatley & Thomas Maillart & Didier Sornette, 2016. "The extreme risk of personal data breaches and the erosion of privacy," The European Physical Journal B: Condensed Matter and Complex Systems, Springer;EDP Sciences, vol. 89(1), pages 1-12, January.
    18. T. Maillart & D. Sornette, 2010. "Heavy-tailed distribution of cyber-risks," The European Physical Journal B: Condensed Matter and Complex Systems, Springer;EDP Sciences, vol. 75(3), pages 357-364, June.
    19. Wang, Shaun S., 2019. "Integrated framework for information security investment and cyber insurance," Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 57(C).
    20. Alessandro Mazzoccoli & Maurizio Naldi, 2022. "An Overview of Security Breach Probability Models," Risks, MDPI, vol. 10(11), pages 1-29, November.
    21. Alessandro Mazzoccoli & Maurizio Naldi, 2021. "Optimal Investment in Cyber-Security under Cyber Insurance for a Multi-Branch Firm," Risks, MDPI, vol. 9(1), pages 1-28, January.
    22. Spencer Wheatley & Thomas Maillart & Didier Sornette, 2016. "The extreme risk of personal data breaches and the erosion of privacy," The European Physical Journal B: Condensed Matter and Complex Systems, Springer;EDP Sciences, vol. 89(1), pages 1-12, January.
    23. Lu Xu & Yanhui Li & Jing Fu, 2019. "Cybersecurity Investment Allocation for a Multi-Branch Firm: Modeling and Optimization," Mathematics, MDPI, vol. 7(7), pages 1-20, July.
    24. Kjell Hausken, 2006. "Returns to information security investment: The effect of alternative information security breach functions on optimal investment and sensitivity to vulnerability," Information Systems Frontiers, Springer, vol. 8(5), pages 338-349, December.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Alessandro Mazzoccoli & Maurizio Naldi, 2022. "An Overview of Security Breach Probability Models," Risks, MDPI, vol. 10(11), pages 1-29, November.
    2. Martin Eling & Michael McShane & Trung Nguyen, 2021. "Cyber risk management: History and future research directions," Risk Management and Insurance Review, American Risk and Insurance Association, vol. 24(1), pages 93-125, March.
    3. Gareth W. Peters & Matteo Malavasi & Georgy Sofronov & Pavel V. Shevchenko & Stefan Trück & Jiwook Jang, 2023. "Cyber loss model risk translates to premium mispricing and risk sensitivity," The Geneva Papers on Risk and Insurance - Issues and Practice, Palgrave Macmillan;The Geneva Association, vol. 48(2), pages 372-433, April.
    4. Kjartan Palsson & Steinn Gudmundsson & Sachin Shetty, 2020. "Analysis of the impact of cyber events for cyber insurance," The Geneva Papers on Risk and Insurance - Issues and Practice, Palgrave Macmillan;The Geneva Association, vol. 45(4), pages 564-579, October.
    5. Daniel Zängerle & Dirk Schiereck, 2023. "Modelling and predicting enterprise-level cyber risks in the context of sparse data availability," The Geneva Papers on Risk and Insurance - Issues and Practice, Palgrave Macmillan;The Geneva Association, vol. 48(2), pages 434-462, April.
    6. Domenico Giovanni & Arturo Leccadito & Marco Pirra, 2021. "On the determinants of data breaches: A cointegration analysis," Decisions in Economics and Finance, Springer;Associazione per la Matematica, vol. 44(1), pages 141-160, June.
    7. Spencer Wheatley & Annette Hofmann & Didier Sornette, 2021. "Addressing insurance of data breach cyber risks in the catastrophe framework," The Geneva Papers on Risk and Insurance - Issues and Practice, Palgrave Macmillan;The Geneva Association, vol. 46(1), pages 53-78, January.
    8. Kjartan Palsson & Steinn Gudmundsson & Sachin Shetty, 0. "Analysis of the impact of cyber events for cyber insurance," The Geneva Papers on Risk and Insurance - Issues and Practice, Palgrave Macmillan;The Geneva Association, vol. 0, pages 1-16.
    9. Loretta Mastroeni & Alessandro Mazzoccoli & Maurizio Naldi, 2022. "Pricing Cat Bonds for Cloud Service Failures," JRFM, MDPI, vol. 15(10), pages 1-18, October.
    10. Mazaher Kianpour & Stewart J. Kowalski & Harald Øverby, 2021. "Systematically Understanding Cybersecurity Economics: A Survey," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(24), pages 1-28, December.
    11. Farkas, Sébastien & Lopez, Olivier & Thomas, Maud, 2021. "Cyber claim analysis using Generalized Pareto regression trees with applications to insurance," Insurance: Mathematics and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 98(C), pages 92-105.
    12. Gabriela Zeller & Matthias Scherer, 2023. "Risk mitigation services in cyber insurance: optimal contract design and price structure," The Geneva Papers on Risk and Insurance - Issues and Practice, Palgrave Macmillan;The Geneva Association, vol. 48(2), pages 502-547, April.
    13. Zängerle, Daniel & Schiereck, Dirk, 2022. "Modelling and predicting enterprise‑level cyber risks in the context of sparse data availability," Publications of Darmstadt Technical University, Institute for Business Studies (BWL) 136276, Darmstadt Technical University, Department of Business Administration, Economics and Law, Institute for Business Studies (BWL).
    14. Bennet Skarczinski & Mathias Raschke & Frank Teuteberg, 2023. "Modelling maximum cyber incident losses of German organisations: an empirical study and modified extreme value distribution approach," The Geneva Papers on Risk and Insurance - Issues and Practice, Palgrave Macmillan;The Geneva Association, vol. 48(2), pages 463-501, April.
    15. Daouia, Abdelaati & Stupfler, Gilles & Usseglio-Carleve, Antoine, 2023. "Bias-reduced and variance-corrected asymptotic Gaussian inference about extreme expectiles," TSE Working Papers 23-1444, Toulouse School of Economics (TSE), revised Nov 2023.
    16. Meng Sun & Yi Lu, 2022. "A Generalized Linear Mixed Model for Data Breaches and Its Application in Cyber Insurance," Risks, MDPI, vol. 10(12), pages 1-23, November.
    17. Eling, Martin & Loperfido, Nicola, 2017. "Data breaches: Goodness of fit, pricing, and risk measurement," Insurance: Mathematics and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 75(C), pages 126-136.
    18. Frank Cremer & Barry Sheehan & Michael Fortmann & Arash N. Kia & Martin Mullins & Finbarr Murphy & Stefan Materne, 2022. "Cyber risk and cybersecurity: a systematic review of data availability," The Geneva Papers on Risk and Insurance - Issues and Practice, Palgrave Macmillan;The Geneva Association, vol. 47(3), pages 698-736, July.
    19. Jevtić, Petar & Lanchier, Nicolas, 2020. "Dynamic structural percolation model of loss distribution for cyber risk of small and medium-sized enterprises for tree-based LAN topology," Insurance: Mathematics and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 91(C), pages 209-223.
    20. Benjamin Avanzi & Xingyun Tan & Greg Taylor & Bernard Wong, 2023. "Cyber Insurance Risk: Reporting Delays, Third-Party Cyber Events, and Changes in Reporting Propensity -- An Analysis Using Data Breaches Published by U.S. State Attorneys General," Papers 2310.04786, arXiv.org.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jrisks:v:11:y:2023:i:9:p:154-:d:1225495. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.