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Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment of Greywater Treatment and Rainwater Harvesting for Decentralized Water Reuse in Brazil and Germany

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  • Hugo Henrique de Simone Souza

    (Faculty of Engineering, Architecture and Urbanism, and Geography (FAENG), Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Cidade Universitária, Campo Grande 79070-900, Brazil
    Department for Resource-Efficient Wastewater Technology, RPTU University of Kaiserslautern-Landau, Paul-Ehrlich-Straße 14, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany)

  • Carlo Gottardo Morandi

    (Department for Resource-Efficient Wastewater Technology, RPTU University of Kaiserslautern-Landau, Paul-Ehrlich-Straße 14, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany)

  • Marc Árpád Boncz

    (Faculty of Engineering, Architecture and Urbanism, and Geography (FAENG), Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Cidade Universitária, Campo Grande 79070-900, Brazil)

  • Paula Loureiro Paulo

    (Faculty of Engineering, Architecture and Urbanism, and Geography (FAENG), Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Cidade Universitária, Campo Grande 79070-900, Brazil)

  • Heidrun Steinmetz

    (Department for Resource-Efficient Wastewater Technology, RPTU University of Kaiserslautern-Landau, Paul-Ehrlich-Straße 14, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany)

Abstract

Urban water management faces growing pressure from population growth, pollution, and climate variability, demanding innovative strategies to ensure long-term sustainability. This study applies the Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment (LCSA) across four case studies in Brazil and Germany, evaluating integrated systems that combine constructed wetlands for greywater treatment with rainwater harvesting for non-potable use. The scenarios include a single-family household, a high-rise residential building, a rural residence, and worker housing. A multi-criteria analysis was conducted to derive consolidated sustainability indicators, and sensitivity analysis explored the influence of dimension weighting. Results showed that water reuse scenarios consistently outperformed conventional counterparts across environmental, economic, and social dimensions. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) revealed notable reductions in global warming potential, terrestrial acidification, and eutrophication. Life Cycle Costing (LCC) confirmed financial feasibility when externalities were considered, especially in large-scale systems. Social Life Cycle Assessment (S-LCA) highlighted the perceived benefits in terms of health, safety, and sustainability engagement. Integrated water reuse systems achieved overall sustainability scores up to 4.8 times higher than their baseline equivalents. These findings underscore the effectiveness of decentralized water reuse as a complementary and robust alternative to conventional supply and treatment models, supporting climate resilience and sustainable development goals.

Suggested Citation

  • Hugo Henrique de Simone Souza & Carlo Gottardo Morandi & Marc Árpád Boncz & Paula Loureiro Paulo & Heidrun Steinmetz, 2025. "Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment of Greywater Treatment and Rainwater Harvesting for Decentralized Water Reuse in Brazil and Germany," Resources, MDPI, vol. 14(6), pages 1-21, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jresou:v:14:y:2025:i:6:p:96-:d:1671704
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Vasileios A. Tzanakakis & Andrea G. Capodaglio & Andreas N. Angelakis, 2023. "Insights into Global Water Reuse Opportunities," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(17), pages 1-30, August.
    2. Marwa Hannouf & Getachew Assefa, 2018. "A Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment-Based Decision-Analysis Framework," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(11), pages 1-22, October.
    3. Marwa M. Waly & Slobodan B. Mickovski & Craig Thomson & Kingsley Amadi, 2022. "Impact of Implementing Constructed Wetlands on Supporting the Sustainable Development Goals," Land, MDPI, vol. 11(11), pages 1-14, November.
    4. Hussain, M. Iftikhar & Muscolo, Adele & Farooq, Muhammad & Ahmad, Waqar, 2019. "Sustainable use and management of non-conventional water resources for rehabilitation of marginal lands in arid and semiarid environments," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 221(C), pages 462-476.
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