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How Compositions of Landscape Elements Affect Outdoor Thermal Environments: Quantitative Study Along the Urban Riverside

Author

Listed:
  • Zhaoxin Li

    (School of Architecture, Chang’an University, Xi’an 710061, China)

  • Jingyuan Zhao

    (School of Architecture, Chang’an University, Xi’an 710061, China)

  • Linrui Zhang

    (School of Architecture, Chang’an University, Xi’an 710061, China)

  • Bo Xia

    (School of Architecture, Chang’an University, Xi’an 710061, China)

  • Tianhui Wang

    (College of Landscape Architecture & Arts, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China)

  • Ye Lu

    (School of Architecture, Chang’an University, Xi’an 710061, China)

Abstract

Riverside landscape belts are crucial for mitigating urban heat islands and enhancing urban esthetics. This study investigates the thermal environment effects of X21 landscape configurations in riverside belts using field measurements and numerical simulations. The physiologically equivalent temperature (PET) assesses human thermal comfort variations. Main findings demonstrate that the “enclosed tree–shrub–grass” configuration is the most effective plant arrangement for enhancing the riverside landscape belts thermal environment, with grassland identified as the optimal underlying surface configuration. Moreover, PET reveals that “enclosed tree–shrub–grass” spaces provide greater comfort during morning and midday periods, while “shrub–grass” areas are more suitable for the evening. This research provides a theoretical framework and empirical data for urban riverside landscape planning and design, significantly advancing urban thermal environment optimization and esthetic quality.

Suggested Citation

  • Zhaoxin Li & Jingyuan Zhao & Linrui Zhang & Bo Xia & Tianhui Wang & Ye Lu, 2025. "How Compositions of Landscape Elements Affect Outdoor Thermal Environments: Quantitative Study Along the Urban Riverside," Land, MDPI, vol. 14(4), pages 1-20, March.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jlands:v:14:y:2025:i:4:p:687-:d:1619302
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Li Jiang & Shoushuai Du & Song Liu & Yuxiang Dong & Ying Yang, 2025. "Effects of Morphological Factors on Thermal Environment and Thermal Comfort in Riverside Open Spaces of Shanghai, China," Land, MDPI, vol. 14(2), pages 1-38, February.
    2. Wang, Xia & Fang, Yuan & Cai, Weiguang & Ding, Chao & Xie, Yupei, 2022. "Heating demand with heterogeneity in residential households in the hot summer and cold winter climate zone in China -A quantile regression approach," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 247(C).
    3. Coates, Michael J. & Folkard, Andrew M., 2009. "The effects of littoral zone vegetation on turbulent mixing in lakes," Ecological Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 220(20), pages 2714-2726.
    4. Jing Xiao & Takaya Yuizono & Ruixuan Li, 2024. "Synergistic Landscape Design Strategies to Renew Thermal Environment: A Case Study of a Cfa-Climate Urban Community in Central Komatsu City, Japan," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 16(13), pages 1-29, June.
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