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REA, Triple-Entry Accounting and Blockchain: Converging Paths to Shared Ledger Systems

Author

Listed:
  • Juan Ignacio Ibañez

    (DLT Science Foundation, London WC2H 2JQ, UK
    UCL Centre for Blockchain Technologies, University College London, London WC1E 6EA, UK)

  • Chris N. Bayer

    (UCL Centre for Blockchain Technologies, University College London, London WC1E 6EA, UK)

  • Paolo Tasca

    (DLT Science Foundation, London WC2H 2JQ, UK
    UCL Centre for Blockchain Technologies, University College London, London WC1E 6EA, UK)

  • Jiahua Xu

    (DLT Science Foundation, London WC2H 2JQ, UK
    UCL Centre for Blockchain Technologies, University College London, London WC1E 6EA, UK)

Abstract

During the last half century, the concept of shared ledger systems that offer a single source of truth has challenged traditional bookkeeping, leading to innovations such as the resource-event-agent (REA) accounting framework, triple-entry accounting (TEA), and blockchain. Despite these advancements, the historical development of shared ledger systems remains under-researched and unclear, with the influence of REA on TEA particularly overlooked. This study aims to fill this gap by conducting a genealogical analysis of shared ledger systems, with a focus on tracing the development of TEA and its historical byproduct of the REA framework designed by McCarthy. Through a comprehensive literature review and interviews with pioneers in REA, TEA, and blockchain, we uncover the missing link between REA and TEA. Our findings suggest that the current explosion of shared ledger systems results from the convergence of three parallel research streams, occasionally interacting with each other. We correct common misconceptions, acknowledge the influence of key individuals, and map out the overlapping paths of REA, TEA, and blockchain. By elucidating the historical evolution of shared ledger systems, this study contributes to the academic debate and fosters further discourse among researchers in REA, TEA, and blockchain, thereby enhancing the potential applications within these fields.

Suggested Citation

  • Juan Ignacio Ibañez & Chris N. Bayer & Paolo Tasca & Jiahua Xu, 2023. "REA, Triple-Entry Accounting and Blockchain: Converging Paths to Shared Ledger Systems," JRFM, MDPI, vol. 16(9), pages 1-20, August.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jjrfmx:v:16:y:2023:i:9:p:382-:d:1225662
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Ijiri, Yuji & Kelly, Edward C., 1980. "Multidimensional accounting and distributed databases: Their implications for organizations and society," Accounting, Organizations and Society, Elsevier, vol. 5(1), pages 115-123, January.
    2. Wang, Yunsen & Kogan, Alexander, 2018. "Designing confidentiality-preserving Blockchain-based transaction processing systems," International Journal of Accounting Information Systems, Elsevier, vol. 30(C), pages 1-18.
    3. Ijiri, Y., 1989. "Momentum Accounting And Triple-Entry Bookkeeping: Exploring The Dynamic Structure Of Accounting Measurements," GSIA Working Papers 88-89-35, Carnegie Mellon University, Tepper School of Business.
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    Cited by:

    1. Liuxuan Pan & Owen Vaughan & Craig Steven Wright, 2023. "A Private and Efficient Triple-Entry Accounting Protocol on Bitcoin," JRFM, MDPI, vol. 16(9), pages 1-9, September.
    2. Konstantinos Sgantzos & Panagiotis Tzavaras & Mohamed Al Hemairy & Eva R. Porras, 2025. "Triple-Entry Accounting and Other Secure Methods to Preserve User Privacy and Mitigate Financial Risks in AI-Empowered Lifelong Education," JRFM, MDPI, vol. 18(4), pages 1-21, March.

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