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Dietary Fluoride Exposure During Early Childhood and Its Association with Dental Fluorosis in a Sample of Mexican Adolescents

Author

Listed:
  • Gina A. Castiblanco-Rubio

    (Department of Dental Public Health and Dental Informatics, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, IN 46203, USA)

  • Emily C. Hector

    (Department of Statistics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA)

  • Jose Urena-Cirett

    (Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad La Salle Mexico, Mexico City 01376, Mexico)

  • Alejandra Cantoral

    (Health Department, Universidad Iberoamericana, Mexico City 01376, Mexico)

  • Howard Hu

    (Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA)

  • Karen E. Peterson

    (Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA)

  • Martha M. Tellez-Rojo

    (Center for Nutrition and Health Research, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca 62100, Morelos, Mexico)

  • E. Angeles Martinez-Mier

    (Department of Dental Public Health and Dental Informatics, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, IN 46203, USA)

Abstract

Dental fluorosis indicates past fluoride intake. People living in Mexico City are exposed to fluoridated salt, which contributes significantly to fluoride intake. This study aimed to (1) estimate fluoride intake during early childhood and fluorosis prevalence in permanent teeth in adolescence and (2) identify intake windows associated with higher fluorosis scores in upper central incisors (UCIs). We included 432 participants from the ELEMENT project (Early-Life Exposures in Mexico to Environmental Toxicants), with data on fluoride intake at ages 1–5 and fluorosis (TFI) at adolescence. Median intakes ranged from 0.56 at age 1 to 1.14 mg/day at age 5, exceeding recommendations. All adolescents had some level of fluorosis, predominantly mild (62% with TFI 2). For every 0.1 mg of daily fluoride intake at age 1, the odds of higher TFI in UCIs were 1.08 [95% CI: 1.00–1.17]. At age 2, the odds were marginally significant [OR: 1.07; 95% CI: 1.00–1.16]. In conclusion, for participants of ELEMENT: (1) fluoride intake during early childhood exceeded recommendations and the prevalence of mild fluorosis in adolescence was high, and (2) fluorosis in UCIs was associated with dietary exposure during the first two years of life and may be used in future ELEMENT studies as exposure biomarkers.

Suggested Citation

  • Gina A. Castiblanco-Rubio & Emily C. Hector & Jose Urena-Cirett & Alejandra Cantoral & Howard Hu & Karen E. Peterson & Martha M. Tellez-Rojo & E. Angeles Martinez-Mier, 2025. "Dietary Fluoride Exposure During Early Childhood and Its Association with Dental Fluorosis in a Sample of Mexican Adolescents," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 22(5), pages 1-14, April.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:22:y:2025:i:5:p:689-:d:1643338
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Aguilera, Ana M. & Escabias, Manuel & Valderrama, Mariano J., 2006. "Using principal components for estimating logistic regression with high-dimensional multicollinear data," Computational Statistics & Data Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 50(8), pages 1905-1924, April.
    2. Kumar, J.V. & Swango, P.A. & Lininger, L.L. & Leske, G.S. & Green, E.L. & Haley, V.B., 1998. "Changes in dental fluorosis and dental caries in Newburgh and Kingston, New York," American Journal of Public Health, American Public Health Association, vol. 88(12), pages 1866-1870.
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