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The Twelve Ds: An Update to Edwards and Benson’s Reasons for Non-Parental Caregiving

Author

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  • Acacia R. Lopez

    (Department of Psychology, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762, USA)

  • Danielle K. Nadorff

    (Department of Psychology, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762, USA)

  • Delaney Peters

    (Department of Psychology, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762, USA)

Abstract

This qualitative study examined the prevalence of the “Nine Ds,” a framework developed by Edwards and Benson for understanding the heterogeneity of reasons for which grandparents assume care of grandchildren (i.e., death, disease, detention, divorce, departure, drugs, desertion, delivery, deployment) in a contemporary sample. Using a nationwide sample of custodial grandparents ( N = 322) and foster parents (N = 105) , caregivers were asked their reason for assuming care of the grandchild or foster child within their care. The results of the study suggest that the Nine Ds are a useful framework, but accounted for only 21.74% of responses, indicating the Nine Ds fail to capture many of the reasons for assuming care. Three new themes—dollars, duty, and daily grind—were identified using semantic thematic analysis and are applicable to both grandfamilies and foster families. These themes represent different motivations for assuming care and provide insight into the social structures that may act as barriers to family formation. This study provides a foundation for future research examining the impact of assumed care by non-parental attachment figures on the health and well-being of both grandchildren and foster children.

Suggested Citation

  • Acacia R. Lopez & Danielle K. Nadorff & Delaney Peters, 2023. "The Twelve Ds: An Update to Edwards and Benson’s Reasons for Non-Parental Caregiving," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(9), pages 1-14, April.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:20:y:2023:i:9:p:5618-:d:1131131
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Sung H Shin & Heeseung Choi & Mi J Kim & Yoon H Kim, 2010. "Comparing adolescents’ adjustment and family resilience in divorced families depending on the types of primary caregiver," Journal of Clinical Nursing, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 19(11‐12), pages 1695-1706, June.
    2. Boas, Taylor C. & Christenson, Dino P. & Glick, David M., 2020. "Recruiting large online samples in the United States and India: Facebook, Mechanical Turk, and Qualtrics," Political Science Research and Methods, Cambridge University Press, vol. 8(2), pages 232-250, April.
    3. Jian Yu & Zhonggen Zhang, 2021. "Does Living with Grandparents Affect Children’s and Adolescents’ Health? Evidence from China," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(22), pages 1-15, November.
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