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COVID-19 Patterns in Araraquara, Brazil: A Multimodal Analysis

Author

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  • Dunfrey Pires Aragão

    (Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Elétrica e de Computação, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Av. Salgado Filho, 3000, Lagoa Nova, Natal 59078-970, Brazil
    Institute of Applied Sciences and Intelligent Systems-CNR, Via Monteroni sn, 73100 Lecce, Italy)

  • Andouglas Gonçalves da Silva Junior

    (Instituto Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Rua Dr. Mauro Duarte, S/N, José Clóvis, Parelhas 59360-000, Brazil)

  • Adriano Mondini

    (Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”, Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú, Km 1, Campus Ville, Araraquara 14800-903, Brazil)

  • Cosimo Distante

    (Institute of Applied Sciences and Intelligent Systems-CNR, Via Monteroni sn, 73100 Lecce, Italy)

  • Luiz Marcos Garcia Gonçalves

    (Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Elétrica e de Computação, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Av. Salgado Filho, 3000, Lagoa Nova, Natal 59078-970, Brazil)

Abstract

The epidemiology of COVID-19 presented major shifts during the pandemic period. Factors such as the most common symptoms and severity of infection, the circulation of different variants, the preparedness of health services, and control efforts based on pharmaceutical and non-pharmaceutical interventions played important roles in the disease incidence. The constant evolution and changes require the continuous mapping and assessing of epidemiological features based on time-series forecasting. Nonetheless, it is necessary to identify the events, patterns, and actions that were potential factors that affected daily COVID-19 cases. In this work, we analyzed several databases, including information on social mobility, epidemiological reports, and mass population testing, to identify patterns of reported cases and events that may indicate changes in COVID-19 behavior in the city of Araraquara, Brazil. In our analysis, we used a mathematical approach with the fast Fourier transform (FFT) to map possible events and machine learning model approaches such as Seasonal Auto-regressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) and neural networks (NNs) for data interpretation and temporal prospecting. Our results showed a root-mean-square error (RMSE) of about 5 (more precisely, a 4.55 error over 71 cases for 20 March 2021 and a 5.57 error over 106 cases for 3 June 2021). These results demonstrated that FFT is a useful tool for supporting the development of the best prevention and control measures for COVID-19.

Suggested Citation

  • Dunfrey Pires Aragão & Andouglas Gonçalves da Silva Junior & Adriano Mondini & Cosimo Distante & Luiz Marcos Garcia Gonçalves, 2023. "COVID-19 Patterns in Araraquara, Brazil: A Multimodal Analysis," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(6), pages 1-21, March.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:20:y:2023:i:6:p:4740-:d:1090701
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Gaetano Perone, 2022. "Using the SARIMA Model to Forecast the Fourth Global Wave of Cumulative Deaths from COVID-19: Evidence from 12 Hard-Hit Big Countries," Econometrics, MDPI, vol. 10(2), pages 1-23, April.
    2. Antoine Mandel & Vipin Veetil, 2020. "The Economic Cost of COVID Lockdowns: An Out-of-Equilibrium Analysis," Economics of Disasters and Climate Change, Springer, vol. 4(3), pages 431-451, October.
    3. Abi Adams-Prassl & Teodora Boneva & Marta Golin & Christopher Rauh, 2022. "The impact of the coronavirus lockdown on mental health: evidence from the United States," Economic Policy, CEPR, CESifo, Sciences Po;CES;MSH, vol. 37(109), pages 139-155.
    4. Dunfrey Pires Aragão & Davi Henrique dos Santos & Adriano Mondini & Luiz Marcos Garcia Gonçalves, 2021. "National Holidays and Social Mobility Behaviors: Alternatives for Forecasting COVID-19 Deaths in Brazil," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(21), pages 1-24, November.
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