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Subtypes of Adult-Onset Asthma at the Time of Diagnosis: A Latent Class Analysis

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  • Elina M. S. Mäkikyrö

    (Center for Environmental and Respiratory Health Research, Research Unit of Population Health, University of Oulu, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland
    Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland
    Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, FI-90220 Oulu, Finland)

  • Maritta S. Jaakkola

    (Center for Environmental and Respiratory Health Research, Research Unit of Population Health, University of Oulu, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland
    Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland
    Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, FI-90220 Oulu, Finland)

  • Taina K. Lajunen

    (Center for Environmental and Respiratory Health Research, Research Unit of Population Health, University of Oulu, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland
    Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland
    Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, FI-90220 Oulu, Finland)

  • L. Pekka Malmberg

    (Skin and Allergy Hospital, Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, FI-00280 Helsinki, Finland)

  • Jouni J. K. Jaakkola

    (Center for Environmental and Respiratory Health Research, Research Unit of Population Health, University of Oulu, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland
    Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland
    Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, FI-90220 Oulu, Finland)

Abstract

Introduction: Only a few previous studies have investigated the subtypes of adult-onset asthma. No previous study has assessed whether these subtypes are different between men and women, or whether these subtypes have different risk factors. Methods: We applied latent class analyses to the Finnish Environment and Asthma Study population, including 520 new cases of adult-onset asthma. We formed subtypes separately between women and men and analyzed the following determinants as potential predictors for these subtypes: age, body mass index, smoking, and parental asthma. Results: Among women, the subtypes identified were: 1. Moderate asthma , 2. Cough-variant asthma , 3. Eosinophilic asthma , 4. Allergic asthma , and 5. Difficult asthma . Among men, the subtypes were: 1. Mild asthma , 2. Moderate asthma , 3. Allergic asthma , and 4. Difficult asthma . Three of the subtypes were similar among women and men: Moderate, Allergic , and Difficult asthma . In addition, women had two distinct subtypes: Cough-variant asthma , and Eosinophilic asthma . These subtypes had different risk factor profiles, e.g., heredity was important for Eosinophilic and Allergic asthma (RR for Both parents having asthma in Eosinophilic 3.55 (1.09 to 11.62)). Furthermore, smoking increased the risk of Moderate asthma among women (RR for former smoking 2.21 (1.19 to 4.11)) and Difficult asthma among men but had little influence on Allergic or Cough-variant asthma. Conclusion: This is an original investigation of the subtypes of adult-onset asthma identified at the time of diagnosis. These subtypes differ between women and men, and these subtypes have different risk factor profiles. These findings have both clinical and public health importance for the etiology, prognosis, and treatment of adult-onset asthma.

Suggested Citation

  • Elina M. S. Mäkikyrö & Maritta S. Jaakkola & Taina K. Lajunen & L. Pekka Malmberg & Jouni J. K. Jaakkola, 2023. "Subtypes of Adult-Onset Asthma at the Time of Diagnosis: A Latent Class Analysis," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(4), pages 1-16, February.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:20:y:2023:i:4:p:3072-:d:1063512
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Beth A. Reboussin & Edward H. Ip & Mark Wolfson, 2008. "Locally dependent latent class models with covariates: an application to under‐age drinking in the USA," Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series A, Royal Statistical Society, vol. 171(4), pages 877-897, October.
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