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The Most Vulnerable Hispanic Immigrants in New York City: Structural Racism and Gendered Differences in COVID-19 Deaths

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  • Norma Fuentes-Mayorga

    (The Colin Powell School for Civic and Global Leadership, The City College New York (CCNY), New York, NY 10031, USA)

  • Alfredo Cuecuecha Mendoza

    (Centro de Investigación e Inteligencia Económicas-UPAEP, Puebla 72410, Mexico)

Abstract

This paper explores the structural and group-specific factors explaining the excess death rates experienced by the Hispanic population in New York City during the peak years of the coronavirus pandemic. Neighborhood-level analysis of Census data allows an exploration of the relation between Hispanic COVID-19 deaths and spatial concentration, conceived in this study as a proxy for structural racism. This analysis also provides a more detailed exploration of the role of gender in understanding the effects of spatial segregation among different Hispanic subgroups, as gender has emerged as a significant variable in explaining the structural and social effects of COVID-19. Our results show a positive correlation between COVID-19 death rates and the share of Hispanic neighborhood residents. However, for men, this correlation cannot be explained by the characteristics of the neighborhood, as it is for women. In sum, we find: (a) differences in mortality risks between Hispanic men and women; (b) that weathering effects increase mortality risks the longer Hispanic immigrant groups reside in the U.S.; (c) that Hispanic males experience greater contagion and mortality risks associated with the workplace; and (d) we find evidence corroborating the importance of access to health insurance and citizenship status in reducing mortality risks. The findings propose revisiting the Hispanic health paradox with the use of structural racism and gendered frameworks.

Suggested Citation

  • Norma Fuentes-Mayorga & Alfredo Cuecuecha Mendoza, 2023. "The Most Vulnerable Hispanic Immigrants in New York City: Structural Racism and Gendered Differences in COVID-19 Deaths," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(10), pages 1-21, May.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:20:y:2023:i:10:p:5838-:d:1148356
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    3. Ruiz, J.M. & Steffen, P. & Smith, T.B., 2013. "Hispanic mortality paradox: A systematic review and meta-analysis of the longitudinal literature," American Journal of Public Health, American Public Health Association, vol. 103(3), pages 52-60.
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    Cited by:

    1. Alfredo Cuecuecha, 2023. "Do Segmented Assimilation Theory and Racialized Place Inequality Framework Help Explain Differences in Deaths Due to COVID-19 Observed among Hispanic Subgroups in New York City?," Social Sciences, MDPI, vol. 13(1), pages 1-25, December.

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